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purification (Ponec et al, 1974; Oscik, 1982; Ruthven, 1984; Suzuki, 1990). Metal oxides including titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, and magnesium oxide, have been used as adsorbents for special uses involving chemisorption (Suzuki, 1990). Composite adsorbents made from metallic foams, zeolites and natural graphite have good prospects in improving the heat transfer rates in the adsorbent beds, consequently increasing the refrigeration or heat pump system performance (Pons et al, 1996; Rockenfeller and Kirol, 1993). Adsorber which contains the adsorbent typically can be available in uncoated and coated form: 1. Working principles of an uncoated adsorber: • Adsorbate moves in voids between pellet or granule and then adsorbed in the adsorbent; • Based on porosity of the bed, convection and diffusion of adsorbate between pellets for heat and mass transfer considerations; and • Fins can be employed in order to increase heat transfer rate in the bed. 2. Working principles of a coated adsorber: • Adsorbent is coated around a pipe, fin or in metal foam; • Generates high speed heat and mass transfer; and • Diffusion in the adsorbent is the main mechanism of mass transfer. 4.3.5 Heat pump cycles The adsorption heat pump cycle operates under high vacuum. It is difficult to maintain the operating pressure in a high vacuum for a long time. This requires vacuum technology, special materials and gaskets which increase the cost of adsorption heat pump and cause the use of heavier containers. For continuous cooling and heating processes, the number of adsorbers provided should be increased. This is called advanced adsorption heat pump cycles. The increase of COP is obtained by recovering and utilising heat, which is transferred during isosteric cooling and isobaric adsorption in another adsorption cycle. This increases the COP of cycle since the amount of external heat supplied to the cycle is reduced. The advanced cycles can be categorised into two groups (Dous and Meunier, 1989; Meunier, 2002): advanced adsorption heat pump cycles, and thermal wave processes. 4.3.5.1 Advanced adsorption heat pump cycles These systems consist of two or more adsorbers, operating with the same refrigerant, a single evaporator and a single condenser. A general view of the uniform temperature adsorber cycle is shown in Figure 10. The basic principles of this system: 44PDF Image | EPSRC Thermal Management of Industrial Processes
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