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Figure 12: Ideal cycle of the system on isosteric graphs for single and binary working fluid (Wang and Zhu, 2002). 4.3.6 Enhancing heat transfer in adsorber Heat transfer in a reactor bed used for gas–solid reaction is poor and its effective thermal conductivity is generally in the range of 0.1–0.2 W/(m K). Therefore, enhancement of heat transfer in the reactor bed is necessary heat pumps with high performance, Table 13. Heat transfer improvement techniques can be classified into three categories: (a) preparation of composite reactant/adsorbent combined with heat transfer promoter with high thermal conductivity; (b) addition of metals or carbon fibres into a bed; and (c) integration of reactant into a heat exchanger. In method (a), expanded graphite is normally used as a material for promoting heat transfer. It is usually prepared by impregnating an aqueous solution of inorganic salt into expanded graphite matrices, dried and calcined to deposit the salt inside the pores of the expanded graphite (Hirata et al, 2003). This can improve thermal conductivity up to 10 times larger than that of the bed packed with untreated salt particles (Fujioka et al, 2003). Expanded graphite is a very bulky material, and its effective thermal conductivity can be improved remarkably by compression (Mauran et al, 1993; Han and Lee, 1999). If adsorbents are insoluble in water, resin is used as a binder to bond the adsorbent with expanded graphite (Goetz and Guillot, 2001). In method (b), insertion of fins with a small volume fraction of 0.01 into a packed bed increased the effective thermal conductivity by six times (Ogura et al, 1991) and insertion of carbon fibre brush with volume fraction of 0.05 increased it by four times (Nakaso et al, 2004). In the study of method (c), integrated reactors of adsorbent layers packed between fins of heat exchanger were developed and the reaction cycle time was reduced to almost one tenth of that without integration (Fujisawa et al, 2002; Freni et al, 2004). By using monolithic carbon discs, the heat transfer coefficient between the carbon bed and the fins was increased four times, and it was estimated that the cooling power was enhanced to be 90% higher than granular carbon (Tamainot-Telto and Critoph, 1997). 47PDF Image | EPSRC Thermal Management of Industrial Processes
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