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conversion efficiency of the solar-driven thermoelectric devices, currently the solar- driven thermoelectric devices can only be used in limited applications, such as aerospace, military or cases in which the cost is not the main consideration (Li et al, 2007). 4.5 Magneto-caloric materials Magnetic refrigeration is based on the magnetocaloric effect where ferromagnetic materials is a warming as the magnetic moments of the atom are aligned by the application of a magnetic field, and the corresponding cooling upon removal of the magnetic field (Hull and Uherka, 1989). Two major difficulties for magnetic refrigeration are: • the magnetocaloric effect is fairly small in room temperature magnetocaloric materials, e.g. in gadolinium (Gd), the application of a 5 T magnetic field produces a maximum adiabatic temperature change of 11 K (Zimm et al, 1998); and • the refrigerant is solid, and thus, is not easily pumped through heat exchangers, as in the case of gas and vapour cycle refrigerants. The problem of heat transfer and temperature span can be overcome with the introduction of a heat transfer fluid and use of regeneration. Regeneration can be accomplished by blowing fluid in reciprocating fashion through a porous bed of magnetocaloric material that is alternately magnetised and demagnetised (Shir et al, 2005). Magnetic materials available for room temperature magnetic refrigeration are mainly Gd, GdSiGe (Pecharsky and Gschneidner, 1997) alloys, MnAs-like (Wada et al, 2002) materials, and Perovskite (Bohigas, 1988) materials. Shir et al, (2003) demonstrated that basing on the refrigerant capacity calculations (Wood and Potter, 1985), nanocomposite clusters could yield large magnetocaloric effect in a wide temperature region and have several advantages compared to the other refrigerants for a room temperature magnetic refrigeration system, including the ability to closely follow the desired operating line and enhanced temperature change at high temperature and low field (Bennett et al, 1995). Although most literature focuses on making more efficient magneto-calorific heat pumps than that of the typical vapour-compression heat pumps (i.e. using electricity to generate desired work), there is not much research focus on utilising waste heat via magneto-calorific effect to do the reverse (i.e. generating electricity) even though it is possible by principles. Zou et al, (2009) was one of the first to generate electricity using magnetocaloric compound (Tb5Si2.2Ge1.8) in a laboratory scale experiment. Current research is focused using these special materials for more efficient heat pumps as they are more environmentally friendly than a typical vapour compression heat pump. This novel technique is largely laboratory based with no significant commercial exploit, although research is intensifying significantly in the last couple of years, Figure 13. The research of using waste heat on magneto-caloric materials lag even further behind, hence it has no foreseeable applications in the immediate future although research-wise. 50PDF Image | EPSRC Thermal Management of Industrial Processes
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