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Figure 13: The number of patents per year for magnetic refrigerators and heat pumps operating at or near ambient room temperature (Yu et al, 2010). 5. Proposed future work on TES 5.1 District heating The problem with distribution of low grade heat traditional heat transfer media such as water is the difficulty in providing constant heating temperature. The end of the heat distribution line where temperature of the water is the lowest will end up providing the least heat. Micro-encapsulation of PCM suspended in water will allow temperature of the liquid heat transfer media, e.g. water or ammonia, to be constant, so long as PCM has not completely released all its latent heat content. This will allow for more or less uniform heating through out the heat distribution line. Cost could also potentially be saved via reduced requirement for insulation for the distribution pipeline, by reducing the heating temperature, since higher temperature might not be necessary in making sure that the end of the distribution pipeline provides sufficient heat (hence reducing the rate of heat loss). The size of the heat exchangers can also potentially be reduced if the low-grade heat can be maintained at a sufficiently high temperature. A slightly more technologically complicated approach will be using meta-stable surfactant to encapsulate hydroscopic PCMs such as calcium chloride hexahydrate. These PCMs will first solidify when releasing latent heat. Once PCM solidifies, surfactant will gradually allow adsorbate, in this case, water, to enter into the PCM. The exothermic hydration of calcium chloride hexahydrate further releases heat for district heating. Theoretically speaking, this method should incur even less heat loss due to the fact less sensible heat storage and latent heat storage media being used and pumped. 5.2 Power plants Metal hydride could potentially be used to store energy from renewable power plants (or nuclear) such as wind power and wave power. The energy produced during period of low demand could be converted to chemical energy by electrolysing water into hydrogen and oxygen. Hydrogen and oxygen can then be combusted together in gas turbine to generate electricity during times of peak demand. Hydrogen can be stored in metal complexes in the form of hydrides as previously mentioned. Although, metals have the ability to store a lot of hydrogen, they are pretty bulky and heavy to handle or transport. However, power plants are stationary hence the storage of 51PDF Image | EPSRC Thermal Management of Industrial Processes
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