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hydrogen in the form of metal hydrides is preferable over gas, compressed gas and liquid storage, as metal hydrides have higher energy density. The advantage of metal hydrides is that they also have the ability to function as chemical heat pumps as mentioned earlier, i.e. the metal hydride heating and cooling systems operate similar to conventional solid sorption systems. The metal complexes are also cheap to obtain. The combine benefits of chemical sorption and combustion of hydrogen should increase the overall efficiency and reliability of these power plants. 5.3 Manufacturing industries Industries generally produce a lot of waste heat. Certain industries such as steel and glass production do not have infrastructure to distribute its waste process heat for district heating. It does not have the economies of scale and in direction competition with energy industries, hence making it difficult for non-energy industries to make a profitable investment in district heating infrastructures. A good alternative will be to upgrade its waste process heat to be return into their processes again. The exothermic hydrogenation of ketone and/or aldehyde to alcohol at high temperature serves as a mechanism for heat upgrade. Regeneration occurs when alcohol is subjected to lower temperatures where it experiences endothermic dehydrogenation. The medium can be reused and regenerated without incurring loss. Some authors propose using mechanical heat pump although Ajah et al, (2008) show that it is not as efficient. 5.4 Automobiles For automobiles, a good solution will be the application of PCM with thermoelectric materials. Thermoelectric materials need to run at large temperature difference to produce electricity. The charging up phase occurs when the internal engine is running, where PCM melts as it meets the hot exhaust gas. The discharging phase occurs when the internal combustion engine is shut off. The temperature difference between the liquid PCM and lower ambient air drives electricity production. The electricity produced from waste heat can be used to operate electrical and electronic equipments within the automobiles instead of using mechanical energy directly from combustion that was meant for locomotion. A good area of research will be using chemical sorption pumps to cool down automobiles for comfort of passengers especially in warm countries. The current chemical heat pumps are too heavy and bulky to be used efficiently and properly as an air conditioner. Most automobile air-conditioners run on mechanical vapour compression heat pumps that divert part of the mechanical energy away from locomotion. 5.5 Localised heating The ground is used a sensible heat storage. Heat charging occurs in warmer weather (e.g. summer). The heat stored will then be discharged during winter to maintain warmth within the buildings. The ground does also act as ‘cold’ storage (i.e. heat is discharged during winter, storing ‘cold’ in the process). This ‘cold’ storage can be use to cool the buildings at times of warm weather (e.g. summer). To maintain, rather constant cooling or heating rate in the buildings (i.e. rather constant ground temperature), PCMs can be used. This energy stored in the ground is used as ground- sourced heat pumps (GSHP). They are more efficient than conventional heating and air-conditioning technologies and typically have lower maintenance costs. Energy consumption is reduced by 30–70% in the heating mode and 20–50% in the cooling mode can be obtained (Benli and Durmuş, 2009). GSHP used in conjunction with PCM could potentially yield even higher savings. Using the ground as sensible heat 52PDF Image | EPSRC Thermal Management of Industrial Processes
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