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Table 3 Test conditions. Test fluid Pure R113 Cu-R113 nanofluid without surfactant Pure R113 with surfactants Cu-R113 nanofluid with surfactants Surfactant – – SDS, CTAB, Span-80 SDS, CTAB, Span-80 Heat flux (kW m2) 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 Saturation pressure (kPa) 101.3 101.3 101.3 101.3 Nanoparticle concentration x (wt.%) – 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 – 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 Surfactant concentration C (ppm) – – 200, 500, 1000, 2000, 5000 200, 500, 1000, 2000, 5000 Number of experimental data 8 24 120 360 H. Peng et al. / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 35 (2011) 960–970 963 surfactant are low, it can be considered that the saturated liquid temperature for refrigerant-based nanofluid with surfactant is equal to that of pure refrigerant. The condensation loop mainly consists of a condensing coil, a pump, a cool water bath and a valve. The mass flow rate of the cool water is controlled by adjusting the opening of the valve. The saturation pressure is controlled by adjusting the heating power of the electrical heating wire connected to the boiling cham- ber or adjusting the mass flow rate of the cool water in the conden- sation loop. The heat flux is controlled by adjusting the heating power to the cartridge heater in the copper block. 3.2. Experimental procedure The nucleate pool boiling heat transfer characteristics of refrig- erant-based nanofluid with surfactant is tested at the heat flux ranging from 10 to 80 kW m2, and the saturation pressure of 101.3 kPa. Before each experiment, the boiling chamber is vacuu- mized to remove the air firstly, and then the test fluid is charged into the boiling chamber and heated to the saturation pressure. The measurement starts from the lowest heat flux (10 kW m2) at a fixed saturation pressure. If the temperature variation of cop- per block is smaller than 1 °C in 10 min, the heat transfer process can be considered to reach a steady state. After that, the five tem- peratures on the cooper block, the liquid temperature, and the heating power to the copper block are recorded. Then the heat flux is increased by the increment of 10 kW m2, and the above proce- dure is repeated. After each experiment, pure R113 is injected into the boiling chamber to remove the nanoparticles and surfactants from the boiling chamber and the test surface. The test surface and the trim heater are cleaned by acetone to remove the sticking nanoparticles, ensuring no change of the test surface characteris- tics and no reintroduction of nanoparticles from heater. 3.3. Test conditions Test conditions are tabulated in Table 3. Total 512 experimental data are recorded, including eight experimental data of pure R113, 24 experimental data of Cu-R113 nanofluid without surfactant, 120 experimental data of pure R113 with surfactants, and 360 experi- mental data of Cu-R113 nanofluid with surfactants. All signals of temperature, pressure are collected by a data acquisition system and transmitted to a computer after the system reaches a steady state. 3.4. Data reduction and uncertainties The nucleate pool boiling heat transfer coefficient, h, can be cal- culated as: h 1⁄4 q=ðTw TsatÞ ð1Þ where, q is the heat flux, Tw is the test surface temperature, and Tsat is the saturated liquid temperature. The heat flux, q, is calculated by Eqs. (2) and (3) based on the one-dimensional heat conduction equation: dT q1⁄4kcdz ð2Þ w T 1⁄4 a1 þ a2z ð3Þ Fig. 3. Nucleate pool boiling heat transfer of pure R113 and Cu-R113 nanofluids. (a) Boiling curves (heat flux vs. excess temperature) (b) Heat transfer coefficients vs. heat fluxPDF Image | Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 35
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