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964 H. Peng et al. / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 35 (2011) 960–970 where, kc is the copper thermal conductivity, z is the coordinate per- pendicular to the test surface, a1 and a2 are constants correlated based on the measured five temperatures on the copper block. The test surface temperature, Tw, is calculated as: Tw 1⁄4 ða1 þ a2zÞjz1⁄40 1⁄4 a1 ð4Þ In the present study, the differences among the measured saturated liquid temperatures (Tsat) in different positions are less than 0.2 °C. Therefore, it can be considered that the saturated liquid tempera- tures liquid temperature is almost homogeneous outside the ther- mal boundary layer. The relative uncertainties of heat flux and nucleate pool boiling heat transfer coefficient are estimated to be smaller than 8.9% and 9.2%, respectively. The confidence levels for the uncertainties of the heat flux and heat transfer coefficient measurements are 95%. Tests under several conditions were repeated for three times, and it shows that the differences among the three testing results under each condition are less than 5%. 4. Results and discussion 4.1. Nucleate pool boiling heat transfer coefficients of Cu-R113 nanofluid without surfactant The boiling curves and the nucleate pool boiling heat transfer coefficients of pure R113 as well as Cu-R113 nanofluids with three nanoparticle concentrations of 0.1 wt.%, 0.5 wt.% and 1.0 wt.% are shown in Fig. 3a and b, respectively. It can be seen that the nucle- ate pool boiling heat transfer coefficient of Cu-R113 nanofluid is larger than that of pure R113. The maximum enhancement of the nucleate pool boiling heat transfer coefficient occurs at the highest nanoparticle concentration, and it can reach 55.4% under the Fig. 4. Nanoparticle enhancement ratio (NER) at different nanoparticle concentrations. Fig. 5. Nucleate pool boiling heat transfer of pure R113 with surfactants. (a) Boiling curves (heat flux vs. excess temperature) (b) Heat transfer coefficients vs. heat fluxPDF Image | Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 35
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