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966 H. Peng et al. / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 35 (2011) 960–970 4.2. Nucleate pool boiling heat transfer coefficients of pure R113 with surfactant The boiling curves and the nucleate pool boiling heat transfer coefficients of pure R113 with surfactants are shown in Fig. 5 a and b, respectively. It can be seen from Fig. 5a that the addition of surfactant enhances the nucleate pool boiling heat transfer of pure refrigerant, shifting the boiling curve to the left. From Fig. 5b, it can be seen that for different type of surfactants, the maximum enhancement of the nucleate pool boiling heat transfer coefficient occurs at different surfactant concentration. For pure R113 with SDS, the maximum enhancement occurs at SDS concen- tration (CSDS) of 2000 ppm. For pure R113 with CTAB, the maxi- mum enhancement of the nucleate pool boiling heat transfer coefficient occurs at CTAB concentration (CCTAB) of 500 ppm. For pure R113 with Span-80, the maximum enhancement of the nucle- ate pool boiling heat transfer coefficient occurs at Span-80 concen- tration (CSpan-80) of 1000 ppm. From Fig. 5, it can be concluded that the surfactant concentra- tion and the surfactant type have effects on the nucleate pool boil- ing heat transfer coefficient of pure refrigerant. These effects will be quantitatively analyzed in Section 4.4. 4.3. Nucleate pool boiling heat transfer coefficients of Cu-R113 nanofluid with surfactant The boiling curves and the nucleate pool boiling heat transfer coefficients of Cu-R113 nanofluid with anionic surfactant (SDS) are shown in Fig. 6a and b, respectively. Experimental conditions cover three nanoparticle concentrations (i.e., 0.1 wt.%, 0.5 wt.% and 1.0 wt.%). It can be seen that the Cu-R113 nanofluid with SDS has larger nucleate pool boiling heat transfer coefficient than that without SDS at each nanoparticle concentration. The maxi- mum enhancement of the nucleate pool boiling heat transfer coef- ficient occurs at SDS concentration (CSDS) of 2000 ppm. The boiling curves and the nucleate pool boiling heat transfer coefficients of Cu-R113 nanofluid with cationic surfactant (CTAB) are shown in Fig. 7a and b, respectively. Experimental conditions cover three nanoparticle concentrations (i.e., 0.1 wt.%, 0.5 wt.% and 1.0 wt.%). It can be seen that the Cu-R113 nanofluid with CTAB has larger nucleate pool boiling heat transfer coefficient than that without CTAB under the experimental conditions except at nano- particle concentration (x) of 1.0wt.% and CTAB concentration (CCTAB) of 5000 ppm. The maximum enhancement of the nucleate pool boiling heat transfer coefficient occurs at CCTAB of 500 ppm. The boiling curves and the nucleate pool boiling heat transfer coefficients of Cu-R113 nanofluid with nonionic surfactant (Span- 80) are shown in Fig. 8a and b, respectively. Experimental condi- tions cover three nanoparticle concentrations (i.e., 0.1wt.%, 0.5 wt.% and 1.0 wt.%). It can be seen that the Cu-R113 nanofluid with Span-80 has larger nucleate pool boiling heat transfer coeffi- cient than that without Span-80 under the experimental condi- tions except at nanoparticle concentration (x) of 1.0 wt.% and Span-80 concentration (CSpan-80) of 5000ppm. The maximum enhancement of the nucleate pool boiling heat transfer coefficient occurs at CSpan-80 of 1000 ppm. Fig. 7. Nucleate pool boiling heat transfer of Cu-R113 nanofluid with cationic surfactant (CTAB). (a) Boiling curves (heat flux vs. excess temperature) (b) Heat transfer coefficients vs. heat fluxPDF Image | Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 35
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