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Chapter A, Introduction Fossil Fuel and Geothermal Energy Sources for Local Use in Alaska Table A1. Table showing important components of coal and heating value by rank. Modified from table in Bowen and Irwin, 2008. has published ‘standards’ for determining ‘mineable’ coal resources that are based on coal bed thickness related to coal rank and the depth of the overburden for both surface mining and underground mining methods. Overburden is non-coal material that lies above the coal and must be stripped away to extract the coal using surface mining methods or to drive a mine shaft through to extract the coal by underground mining methods. Beds of higher rank bituminous and anthracite coal should be 14 inches or greater to be considered a coal resource. Lower rank lignite and bituminous coal should be 21⁄2 feet Introduction to bituminous coal), Yukon–Koyukuk (subbituminous coal), Interior–Healy area (mostly subbituminous), south- central Cook Inlet to Matanuska Valley (subbituminous to bituminous coal), Alaska Peninsula (lignite and bituminous coal), and Gulf of Alaska–Bering River area (bituminous coal to anthracite). There are numerous smaller occurrences of coal around Alaska that have small quantities of non- economic coal. With a few exceptions, most Alaska coal is very low in sulfur, in many cases containing less than 0.5 percent, and contains low concentrations of metallic trace elements and nitrogen. These characteristics make Alaska’s coals favorable for meeting environmental constraints on combustion in power plants. or thicker to be considered a coal resource. Overburden for surface mining should be 500 feet or less and is generally less than 300 feet in the U.S. Coal that is too impure, too thin, too deep, or for other reasons not considered to be potentially economic, is not classified as a resource but is classified as an other occurrence (Wood and others, 1983). Other factors must also be considered when deciding if a coal occurrence is exploitable, including the lateral extent of the coal seam or seams and the position of the coal relative to surface water bodies and groundwater. Coal mining regulations are very precise and strict for safety and environmental purposes. A description of the Coal resources are defined as naturally occurring concentrations or deposits of coal in the Earth’s crust, in such forms and amounts that economic extraction is currently or potentially feasible. What constitutes an exploitable coal resource? This is a difficult question to provide a single answer as it is based on the current economics of extracting, transporting, processing, and marketing the coal for the end user. Generally, the question can be stated, “Is the cost of mining the coal and delivering it to the user less than the price of delivered diesel/heating fuel, using the current technology for extracting coal?” The U.S. Geological Survey Figure A2. Map of Alaska showing the distribution of coal-bearing sedimentary basins. Page 2PDF Image | FOSSIL FUEL AND GEOTHERMAL ENERGY SOURCES FOR LOCAL USE
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