PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 016
Stach (1975) ASTM (1983) Scott (1995) Coal Rank lig 0.38 0.65 0.65 0.78 1.11 1.49 1.91 2.50 5.00 0.38 0.49 0.51 0.69 1.10 1.60 2.04 2.40 5.00 0.38 0.49 0.65 0.78 1.10 1.50 1.91 2.50 5.00 lignite sub subbituminous hvCb high-volatile C bituminous hvBb high-volatile B bituminous hvAb high-volatile A bituminous mvb medium-volatile bituminous lvb low-volatile bituminous sa semianthracite a anthracite ma meta-anthracite Chapter A, Introduction Fossil Fuel and Geothermal Energy Sources for Local Use in Alaska muddy offshore zone may migrate over the older beach sand, setting up a possible future stratigraphic trap. Structural traps are usually much easier to identify and generally host the initial oil and gas discoveries in a given basin. Stratigraphic traps are much harder to target, and their successful prediction normally requires more detailed mapping of the subsurface geology. This might be based on either an abundance of previously drilled wells or advanced processing and interpretation of high-quality three-dimensional seismic data. In any case, for traps to host oil and gas fields, they must be created prior to hydrocarbon generation, expulsion, and migration from ‘the kitchen.’ Additionally, they must then remain intact, uncompromised by later folding, faulting, or excessive burial. What determines whether a conventional hydrocarbon store the gas in an underground reservoir for any possibility of exploiting this potential resource. Unlike conventional natural gas, in coalbed methane the coal serves as both the source rock and the gas reservoir. Methane (when accompanied by water, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide) is formed when buried plant material is converted into coal over millions of years by heat, pressure, and chemical processes. This coalification process generates methane-rich gas, which often is held in pores and fractures in the coal reservoir and adsorbed to (attached to the surface of) coal particles. As a reservoir, coal is a microporous, carbon- rich mineral capable of holding large quantities of gas that is generated internally. However, gas cannot be extracted from the coal reservoir unless these small micropores are connected Figure A3 through a well-developed fracture system called coal ‘cleats’ Make sure the labels on the Y axis are legible at scale used. accumulation can be exploited depends on numerous geologic and economic factors, including the type of hydrocarbon, producible rate, recoverable volume, development cost, and location. In rural Alaska, either oil or gas resources would be attractive if they could provide energy at a full-cycle cost competitive with currently subsidized deliveries of diesel fuel. GEOLOGIC REQUIREMENTS FOR UNCONVENTIONAL FOSSIL FUEL RESOURCES by Ken Helmold and James G. Clough Coalbed Methane Coalbed methane is a clean- burning fuel that is comparable in heating value (~1,000 Btu/scf) to conventional natural gas. The production of coalbed methane in the lower 48 states from coal seams accounts for about 10 percent of the gas production in the United States. Coal is one of the most abundant non- renewable energy sources in the world, and Alaska has substantial coal resources in a number of sedimentary basins (refer to the description of exploitable coal in this chapter for more information on the origin of coal). The majority of Alaska’s coal is located on the North Slope, followed by the Cook Inlet region, Interior Alaska (mainly Healy), the Alaska Peninsula, Copper River basin, and numerous smaller basins and individual coal localities throughout the state (fig. A2). Within these coal basins there must exist a number of necessary and complex geologic conditions to both generate coalbed methane and to (fig. A3). Fracture permeability is the measurement of how well a fluid or gas moves through a rock when the pores are connected through a cleat or fracture system. Even if there is sufficient coalbed gas, it cannot be produced if there are very few fractures, which results in low permeability. Importantly, coals must also reach a certain critical threshold of thermal maturity or “coal rank” before very large volumes of thermogenic methane gas is generated (fig. A4). Lower-rank lignite to subbituminous coals contain mostly biogenic gas that results from bacterial action on Page 4 Figure A3. Coal rank. The numbers in the columns refer to rank as determined by vi- trinite reflectance. Significant coalbed methane generation does not occur until the high-volatile A bituminous rank is reached. Modified from figure 15 in Scott, 2004. organic material, in the same manner methane is generated by bacteria in shallow garbage landfills. It is important to note that there is no current production of biogenic gas from lignite coals because they lack a well-developed natural fracture system. Production of biogenic gas from very thick (50 to 200 feet thick) subbituminous coals is occurring in the Introduction Main-stage Early thermogenic thermogenic methane methanePDF Image | FOSSIL FUEL AND GEOTHERMAL ENERGY SOURCES FOR LOCAL USE
PDF Search Title:
FOSSIL FUEL AND GEOTHERMAL ENERGY SOURCES FOR LOCAL USEOriginal File Name Searched:
sr066.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |