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Fossil Fuel and Geothermal Energy Sources for Local Use in Alaska Chapter A, Introduction Figure A9. Conceptual model for underground coal gas- ification of deep, unmineable coal seams. Based on Swan Hills Synfuels in-situ coal gasification diagram, http://swanhills-synfuels.com left in the ground and most of the heavy metals associated with the ash, such as mercury, arsenic, or lead, also stay in the ground. Many other undesirable reaction products, such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrous oxide (NOx) are greatly reduced as well. The process of UCG can also be coupled with carbon capture and storage technology to reduce CO2 emissions. The advantages of using deep, unmineable coal seams are that they are less likely to be linked with near- surface potable aquifers, thus avoiding drinkable water contamination and ground subsidence problems. The underground coal gasification process creates a variety of engineering, data-gathering, monitoring, and environmental challenges. Among the engineering problems, developing effective dispersal of oxygen and combustion within the coal seam, and creating an effective connection between the combustion zone and the production wells can be major challenges. Supplying the right amount of oxygen to maintain optimal combustion and reaction activity, and to keep the reactor chamber at the desired temperature and pressure, can also be problematic. Continuous monitoring of aquifers for the potential for groundwater contamination is also necessary. Additionally, there exists the potential for surface subsidence due to collapse of the subsurface combustion chamber. GEOLOGIC REQUIREMENTS FOR A GEOTHERMAL ENERGY RESOURCE by Christopher J. Nye Geothermal is a general term describing the heat generated and contained within the earth. Although more than 90 percent of the total volume of the earth is warmer than 1,000°F (540°C), only a small amount of this potential energy makes it close enough to the earth’s surface to be utilized by conventional technology and considered an energy resource. When it does, the elevated heat manifests itself in a number of uncommon geologic occurrences such as lava flows and volcanic eruptions, steam vents or geysers, hot springs, or merely elevated geothermal gradients creating hot rock. In normal geologic situations the majority of the heat simply slowly dissipates into the atmosphere from forests, prairies, and backyards in an unseen process known as ‘conduction.’ At the surface of the earth, heat can also be gained from the sun during daylight hours, and especially during the summer months, to depths as great as 100 feet. When ground source heat pumps, which utilize pipes laid out a few feet below the surface, are used installed for heating or cooling buildings, the process can use either solar or geothermal energy. Below a depth of a several tens of feet any heat recovered from the earth will usually be geothermal in origin. Geothermal heat comes from two main sources—the original heat of the earth generated at its formation about 4.5 billion years ago, and more recent decay of the radioactive isotopes of potassium, uranium, and thorium. Geothermal resources are found on all continents and have been used for a wide variety of purposes. For large-scale (measured in megawatts or millions of watts) electrical power generation, temperatures from about 300°F (150°C) to as high as 650°F (340°C) are typically needed. In Alaska, however, with its cold climate and abundant cold water resources, it is possible to exploit much lower geothermal temperatures for small-scale electrical power generation. In fact, at Chena Hot Springs Resort near Fairbanks, 500 gallons per minute of water with a temperature of 163°F (72.8°C) is currently making around 200 kW (kilowatts) of electricity, which is the amount of electricity used by a village of about 300 residents. The combination of high flow rates of hot water and low surface water temperatures available at Chena allow it to be the lowest-temperature geothermal power plant in the world. For geothermal energy to be technically and economically feasible a number of conditions must be met. These include: (1) an anomalous thermal gradient or accessible heat in a near-surface region, (2) sufficient porosity and permeability within the section of ‘hot rock’ so fluids can move freely and transfer heat, and (3) some form of conduit that allows a hot fluid to flow to the surface in sufficient quantities where the energy is converted into a usable form. Clearly, the higher the near-surface temperature, and higher the permeability and flow rates, the more feasible the resource becomes. Page 9 IntroductionPDF Image | FOSSIL FUEL AND GEOTHERMAL ENERGY SOURCES FOR LOCAL USE
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