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Chapter B, Aleutians Fossil Fuel and Geothermal Energy Sources for Local Use in Alaska all reside at tidewater and are only accessible by boat or plane. The largest village is Unalaska with a population of about 4,300. Villages with populations of about 1,000 to 500, in descending order, include Sand Point, King Cove, Akutan, and Saint Paul (in Bristol Bay). Villages with populations of about 300 to 100 include Adak and Saint George (in Bristol Bay). The villages of Atka, Cold Bay, Nelson Lagoon, False Pass, and Nikolski have populations of about 100 or less, with Attu Station near the tip of the Aleutian chain being the smallest at 20 persons. The geography of the region consists of a diverse mix of volcanic islands, lowland topography, rugged hills, and conical glaciated mountains that rise abruptly from the landscape. Islands of the Aleutian chain are volcanic in origin and extend westward from the southwestern tip of the Alaska Peninsula over 1,000 miles into the North Pacific Ocean. The islands can be elongate, conical, or irregularly shaped and vary in size from 1 mile to tens of miles wide and many more in length. Each island can have any combination of low relief, rugged hills, or peaks up to 9,000 feet or more. The southwestern end of the Alaska Peninsula includes glacially- sculpted lowlands on the northwestern side that support numerous freshwater lakes. The Aleutian Range on the southeastern side of the peninsula is characterized by rolling hills and rugged low mountains composed of commonly tilted Cenozoic age volcanic rocks and folded and faulted Mesozoic age through Cenozoic age sedimentary strata. The boundary between the geographically distinct sides of the peninsula is punctuated by a few tall, conical, volcanic edifices such as Mount Veniaminof and Pavlof Volcano. Most of the Aleutians Development Region is the product of millions of years of accumulation of volcanic flows and detritus above a subduction zone where the oceanic Pacific plate is currently being thrust toward the northwest beneath the North American plate. Magma generated at this plate boundary has intruded oceanic crust of the overriding North American plate, resulting in an arcuate array of volcanoes referred to as a volcanic island arc. Where these intrusions occur in North American plate continental crust along the Alaskan Peninsula, they form a continental volcanic arc. Major episodes of arc volcanism have occurred at least three times on the Alaska Peninsula over the past 200 million years (Reed and Lanphere, 1969; Wilson, 1985; Amato and others, 2007). The most recent volcanism along the Aleutian chain was initiated about 35 million years ago (Wilson, 1981), and continues to be the dominant geologic process shaping the Aleutians Development Region today. Rocks exposed on the Aleutian Islands consist mostly of igneous and associated sedimentary rocks younger than about 40–45 million years. These rocks formed after major plate tectonic changes in the North Pacific that led to the creation of the present-day Aleutian subduction zone (Worrall, 1991). In contrast, on the Alaska Peninsula and along a belt stretching northwest beneath the Bering Sea toward the Pribilof Islands, bedrock includes much older Mesozoic sedimentary units as well as the younger Cenozoic sedimentary rocks deposited in a collection of basins positioned north of the volcanic arc. The largest and deepest of these are the North Aleutian and Saint George basins in the Bristol Bay area. The Umnak, Amak Plateau, and Sanak basins are shallower or more restricted offshore sedimentary basins in the area east of Unalaska. Very little is known about the pre-Mesozoic geologic evolution of the Alaska Peninsula area. However, very thick sequences of Mesozoic strata record the development of a major sedimentary basin. These sediments were largely derived from erosion of a nearby igneous arc and include organic-rich rocks that are important components of the petroleum system in the adjacent Bristol Bay and Cook Inlet basins (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966; Decker and others, 2008). Subsequent cycles of tectonic subsidence and uplift since Late Cretaceous time are responsible for the coal- bearing rocks in the northwestern area of the development region (Detterman and others, 1996), as well as many of the petroleum reservoir rocks in the adjacent petroleum basins (Calderwood and Fackler, 1972; Detterman and others, 1996; Helmold and others, 2008). Faulting and folding associated with these tectonic processes during Cenozoic time are responsible for generating most of the hydrocarbon traps for these petroleum systems and conduits for hot fluids in geothermal systems. However, this same deformation adds a component of risk to the area’s energy potential by introducing faults and fractures that may breach hydrocarbon traps or partition formerly continuous coal fields. GEOLOGIC ENERGY RESOURCE POTENTIAL IN THE ALEUTIANS ENERGY REGION Mineable coal resource potential Aleutians Development Region. Coal resources and occurrences exist only on the southern Alaska Peninsula portion of the development region, and are not found on the Aleutian Islands. Coal-bearing rocks near tidewater extend from Pavlof Bay northeastward approximately 200 miles to the Dog Salmon River (Conwell and Triplehorn, 1978) in the Bristol Bay Development Region. However, much of the intervening area is covered by younger volcanic rocks and Quaternary glacial deposits that obscure the coal-bearing strata. The two main southern peninsula regions with coal exposures are the Herendeen Bay Field, near Herendeen Bay, and Unga Island Field, on Unga Island (fig. B2). Villages within 100 miles of these coal locations include Port Heiden, Nelson Lagoon, Sand Point, King Cove, Cold Bay, and False Pass. Herendeen Bay Field. The Herendeen Bay field is near the southwestern tip of the Alaska Peninsula (fig. B2). Coal in the field is derived primarily from the Coal Valley Member of the Upper Cretaceous Chignik Formation, with minor occurrences in the middle to upper Miocene Bear Aleutians Page 14PDF Image | FOSSIL FUEL AND GEOTHERMAL ENERGY SOURCES FOR LOCAL USE
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