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Fossil Fuel and Geothermal Energy Sources for Local Use in Alaska Chapter B, Aleutians variety of causes: Insufficient source rock quantity or quality; problems relating to migration paths; leaky traps or seals; or the timing of trap formation. The Amak, Sanak, and Umnak Plateau basins remain undrilled and are poorly understood. Many of the attributes of these remote basins challenge the viability of possible gas exploration. Reservoir rocks. Several Tertiary formations likely have adequate thickness of sandstone with sufficient porosity and permeability to serve as reservoirs for either oil or gas. In the North Aleutian basin in particular, much of the Miocene Bear Lake Formation has been widely observed to maintain reservoir quality in outcrop and in wells that encountered it at depth (McLean, 1987; Turner and others, 1988; Sherwood and others, 2006; Decker and others, 2005, 2006). Younger strata also maintain high porosity and permeability, but are too shallow to host effective traps or maintain sufficient reservoir pressure. Alteration of the sandstone after burial has locally degraded the reservoir quality in most formations (Lyle and others, 1979; Turner and others, 1988; Helmold and others, 2008) and should be considered as one component of the overall exploration risk. Mesozoic formations of the southwestern Alaska Peninsula contain thick sandstones and some limestones that could serve as hydrocarbon reservoirs. Reservoir quality data for these units is limited to select outcrop samples from the Alaska Peninsula that dominantly record porosity values of less than 10 percent and permeabilities typically below 0.10 md (Reifenstuhl and others, 2005; Strauch and others, 2006). Although these data indicate suboptimal reservoir quality in the Mesozoic, the sample set is small, limited to surface samples, and excludes potentially more promising parts of the Jurassic section (Reifenstuhl and others, 2005). In special cases, early entrapment of hydrocarbons can prevent porosity destruction in sandstone reservoirs, and hydrothermal alteration can create secondary porosity in limestone formations. Nevertheless, the presence of clays and other altered grains suggests that encountering reservoir- quality rock in the Mesozoic strata will be a primary challenge to exploration in the region. Traps. The southwestern Alaska Peninsula and adjacent Tertiary basins have undergone several episodes of deformation related largely to strike-slip processes during Tertiary time (Worrall, 1991; Detterman and others, 1996; Decker and others, 2005). Potential structural traps vary from simple anticlines to structurally complex folds and faults that may create traps for hydrocarbons in the subsurface (Sherwood and others, 2006; Decker and others, 2008). Stratigraphic and unconformity trap configurations are likely to have developed on the flanks of large uplifts such as the Black Hills uplift (Worrall, 1991). Low-permeability silty mudstones capable of sealing hydrocarbons accumulated in traps have recently been documented in several formations on the Alaska Peninsula (Bolger and Reifenstuhl, 2008), but their lateral extent may be limited by restricted nonmarine to marginal marine depositional environments. Although there are likely many trapping geometries developed in the structures of the area, repeated folding and faulting present an exploration risk because trap integrity can sometimes be compromised by leaky faults, fractures, or inadequate seals. An onshore trapped accumulation of hydrocarbons would be most amenable to development for local rural energy markets. However, further evaluation and definition of possible onshore traps would require the collection of significant additional seismic data over large areas where the bedrock of interest is covered by surficial deposits. Summary of conventional oil and gas resource potential. Sedimentary basins capable of hosting conventional petroleum resources are present only in the eastern part of the Aleutian energy region. Effective source rocks, reservoir rocks, and untested traps are known or likely to be present in different areas of these sedimentary basins. Because these elements of the petroleum system have not yet been proven to coexist and interact to form exploitable accumulations of either oil or gas, the region remains only lightly explored. Based on existing information, the most likely useable conventional hydrocarbon resource is gas derived from coaly Tertiary source rocks, forming accumulations in Tertiary sandstones in structural or stratigraphic traps in offshore or nearshore areas of the southern North Aleutian basin along the northwest side of the Alaska Peninsula. Unconventional oil and gas resource potential Coalbed methane. In the Aleutians energy region, coal resources are only present on the southern Alaska Peninsula. The Herendeen Bay coal field, near the southwestern tip of the Alaska Peninsula, is the largest field in the region (fig. B2). The coal has a high-volatile bituminous B rank but is restricted to beds with thicknesses of 2 feet or less (Atwood, 1911). As such, they may be too thin and too discontinuous to produce sufficient coalbed methane to support development. Nevertheless, the geology of the area is complex and has not been extensively explored; reports of rapid lateral changes in coal thickness (Merritt, 1986a) allow for the possibility of thicker coal seams in the subsurface that might house a potential methane resource. Drilling logs of oil and gas exploration wells have noted high gas kicks on subsurface coal seams up to 20 feet thick on the Alaska Peninsula (Tyler and others, 2000). The Herendeen Bay coal occurrences are in the Pavlof Unit of the Alaska Peninsula National Wildlife Preserve, and any future exploration or development may be severely limited or prohibited because of that designation. Additional coals are present in the Unga Island coal field on Unga Island (fig. B2). They are mostly of low rank (lignite and less abundant beds of subbituminous C) with bed thicknesses no greater than 3 feet (Merritt, 1986b). The low thermal maturity of these coals combined with their limited thickness suggests they would be ineffective for coalbed methane development. Page 17 AleutiansPDF Image | FOSSIL FUEL AND GEOTHERMAL ENERGY SOURCES FOR LOCAL USE
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