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Fossil Fuel and Geothermal Energy Sources for Local Use in Alaska Chapter C, Bering Straits thickness of lignite that is considered to be economically mineable is 30 inches. On St. Lawrence Island, coal was occasionally used by the local Natives to burn with driftwood in campfires and communal homes (fig. C4). In 1981, the State of Alaska and consultant Dan Renshaw explored the western part of the island for coal occurrences, and a promising site at the western shore of Niyrakpak Lagoon east of Gambell was chosen to conduct a small-scale limited drilling program in 1982 (Renshaw, 1981, 1982; Clough and others, 1995). Here, Tertiary-age lignitic coal up to 18 inches thick is exposed in the shore bluff. Results from 12 auger holes drilled during the summer of 1982 demonstrated that the coal exposed in the lagoon’s bluff did not extend very far inland (Renshaw, 1982; Clough and others, 1995). There are a few smaller exposures around the island with thin lenses of coal, up to 6 inches thick, associated with volcanic-derived sediments, and likely formed in small basins that developed between episodes of volcanic eruptions (Renshaw, 1982). Conventional oil and gas resource potential As explained in the discussion of requirements for exploitable oil and gas resources (Chapter A), functioning petroleum systems occur in thick sedimentary basins, and require three basic elements: Effective source rocks, reservoirs, and traps. Each of the elements must be in existence and connected at the time hydrocarbons are generated and migrated. This section provides an overview of the various basins in the Bering Straits region then considers each of the necessary elements of petroleum systems in turn to evaluate the role conventional oil and gas resources may play in supplying rural energy to the region. Overview of sedimentary basins. Most of the Bering Straits Energy Region is underlain by crystalline rocks (igneous and metamorphic) that are inconsistent with the presence of functioning hydrocarbon systems (Ehm, 1983; Patton and others, 1994; Till and Dumoulin, 1994; Troutman and Stanley, 2003). Two small east–west-trending sedimentary basins, the Imuruk and Bendeleben basins (sheet 2), developed on this crystalline basement. No subsurface data are available for these basins, but they are probably filled with Tertiary-age nonmarine sedimentary rocks. Gravity data suggest the deepest parts of both basins may include up to 10,000 feet of sedimentary rocks, but the areal extent of these thick deposits is small (Barnes and Hudson, 1977). The offshore Norton basin is south of Nome (sheet 2), in the Bering Sea and represents the only basin in the region known to be capable of generating significant hydrocarbons. The Norton basin is a large extensional basin filled with well over 20,000 feet of Tertiary marine and nonmarine sedimentary rocks (Fisher and others, 1981). The tectonic driver for basin subsidence is enigmatic, but inferred to be related to strike-slip movement on the Kaltag fault (Fisher and others, 1982). Seismic mapping indicates the presence of two subbasins separated by a large fault block (Turner and others, 1986. Knowledge of the geology of this offshore Figure C4. Map of the St. Lawrence Island area, showing reported coal occurrences (black dots) discussed in the text. Page 27 Bering StraitsPDF Image | FOSSIL FUEL AND GEOTHERMAL ENERGY SOURCES FOR LOCAL USE
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