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Fossil Fuel and Geothermal Energy Sources for Local Use in Alaska Chapter C, Bering Straits porosity and permeability (Turner and others, 1986). Data from the two COST wells indicate that the deeper parts of the section are sufficiently mature to generate gas, although most of the sediments are low in total organic carbon (Turner and others, 1983a; 1983b). Tight gas plays typically require closely-spaced wells and artificial stimulation to be effectively produced; this type of unconventional resource would likely be challenging to develop economically in an offshore setting. Shale gas. Two of the primary requirements for gas to be producible from an organic-rich source rock (shale) are previous heating via burial into the thermogenic gas window and being sufficiently brittle to host a natural fracture system (see Chapter A). Thermally mature organic-rich shales do not appear to be present in the Imuruk and Bendeleben basins and are considered unlikely given the depth of the basin inferred from gravity data (Barnes and Hudson, 1977). Thermally mature gas-prone source rocks are present in the offshore Norton basin, as demonstrated by shows in several wells (Troutman and Stanley, 2003). Most organic matter in this basin consists of woody and coaly matter, which is gas prone (Turner and others, 1986). The presence of this material in brittle rocks capable of hosting a fracture system has not been studied. Similar to tight sands, the infrastructure footprint for this type of unconventional play suggests it would be not be economic to develop in an offshore setting. Gas hydrates. The main occurrences of gas hydrates in nature are in modern marine sediments and in arctic regions with well-developed, continuous permafrost. Permafrost is not well developed in the Bering Straits Energy Region and, where locally present, is discontinuous. Consequently, the potential for economic concentrations of gas hydrates in the region is low. Geothermal The central and eastern Seward Peninsula area lies within a broadly defined belt of west-central Alaska that may be favorable for the discovery of shallow thermal waters (Motyka and others, 1983). The presence of young volcanic rocks and evidence for recent extensional faulting (Till and others, 2011) are consistent with an elevated regional thermal gradient. However, only a few examples of shallow thermal waters have been documented in the region, all apparently associated with fractured plutonic bodies (Miller and others, 1973; Sainsbury and others, 1970; Economides and others, 1982; Kolker and others, 2007). With limited available subsurface drilling data, evaluation of the region’s potential is based largely on information from known hot springs localities. Hot Springs with surface temperatures greater than 122°F (50°C) (the temperature typically cited as a minimum for direct heat applications) in the Bering Straits Energy Region are Lava Creek, Clear Creek, Serpentine Hot Springs, and Pilgrim Hot Springs (fig. C1). Serpentine Hot Springs, Lava Creek, and Clear Creek have reported temperatures of 167°F, 127°F, and 149°F (75°C, 53°C, and 65°C), respectively, but are distant from communities and ground transportation (Miller and others, 1973; Motyka and others, 1983). Pilgrim Hot Springs is approximately 60 road miles north of Nome and has reported surface temperatures ranging from 145°F to 160°F (63°C–71°C) (Miller and others, 1973; Motyka and others, 1983). Due to the proximity to a large community, this potential resource has witnessed a long history of investigative work, including drilling, geologic and geophysical mapping, and preliminary feasibility studies (see Dilley, 2007, for detailed references). The Alaska Center for Energy and Power (ACEP) at the University of Alaska Fairbanks is currently conducting a resource assessment project at Pilgrim Hot Springs that will further evaluate the geothermal potential via remote sensing techniques and by drilling additional exploration wells. The data from this type of study will be critical in determining the viability of geothermal power generation for local or regional use. In addition to the springs noted above, development of Granite Mountain Hot Springs has also recently been considered as a possibility for further geothermal exploration. Although the surface temperature data indicate a sub-optimal resource (120°F [49°C]), geochemical evidence suggests higher temperatures may exist in the near subsurface (Kolker, 2009). ACEP is also evaluating this locality further to assess whether development of this geothermal resource for rural energy is possible and/or economically feasible. RECOMMENDATIONS Conventional oil and gas recommendations The geology of the Bering Straits Energy Region suggests that no functioning petroleum systems are present in the onshore part of the region. However, the geology of the Norton basin, located a short distance offshore in the shallow waters of the northeastern Bering Sea and Norton Sound, suggests significant natural gas potential (MMS, 2006). The lack of correlative strata exposed onshore limit the relevance of additional field stratigraphic studies. However, data from the Seward Peninsula suggest significant Tertiary extensional faulting (Till and others, 2011). Additional detailed mapping of older, pre-Cenozoic bedrock exposures could improve tectonic models for the origin and evolution of the adjacent Norton basin. In addition, further analytical studies could be conducted on material from the COST wells, particularly using newly developed laboratory techniques that were not available in the 1980s. Ultimately, significant new constraints on the natural gas potential of the Norton basin will require additional exploratory drilling. The large capital costs associated with offshore exploration suggests this type of future work will be conducted by industry as part of a search for commercially viable accumulations. Page 29 Bering StraitsPDF Image | FOSSIL FUEL AND GEOTHERMAL ENERGY SOURCES FOR LOCAL USE
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