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Chapter C, Bering Straits Fossil Fuel and Geothermal Energy Sources for Local Use in Alaska The discovery of an economic gas field could result in the availability of natural gas for local energy needs. Exploration risk could be reduced with the acquisition of modern three- dimensional (3-D) seismic data that can potentially directly image hydrocarbon accumulations. Geothermal resource recommendations The Seward Peninsula hosts a number of surface expressions of elevated shallow heat flow; however, the precise geologic origin and extent of these geothermal phenomenon remain poorly understood. Many of the potential geothermal resources are isolated from population centers and not economically feasible to develop; assessing the potential in these areas would require significant and expensive subsurface data. Promising data from the Pilgrim Hot Springs and Granite Mountain areas will require additional investigation to determine their ultimate energy potential and economic viability. Future work to characterize and delineate these prospects includes geochemical and geophysical studies as well as exploration drilling (Dilley, 2007; Kolker, 2009). The University of Alaska Center for Energy & Power has recently acquired new geophysical information and has initiated a temperature probe and drilling program in the Pilgrim area. These new data will help delineate the potential resource and potentially lead to development. Coal resource recommendations Available information indicates that, aside from the deposits in the Boulder Creek basin, none of the currently available data on coal occurrences in the region suggest sufficient quantity and rank to meet the U.S. Geological Survey minimum standards for mineable coal resources (see discussion of requirements for exploitable resources for additional explanation). In the Boulder Creek basin, near the lower Tubutulik River area, there exists low to moderate potential for mineable coal to serve as a local energy source for nearby potential uranium mining operations, however, the coal is high in uranium content, making this deposit likely uneconomic (Stricker and Affolter, 1988; Clough, 2007). Investigations in the Koyuk area suggest that, at its thickest, the deposit does not meet the minimum U.S. Geological Survey standards for depth, thickness, and rank for mining. Additionally, drilling results indicate that the deposit is of limited lateral extent (Manning and Stevens, 1986; Ramsey and others, 1986). If new evidence is found for thicker, laterally-continuous coal seams in the Koyuk Basin and near Unalakleet, then these areas might be considered for a second look at coal as a potential local energy source. At present, given the paucity of surface exposures of coal in these areas, without expensive exploratory drilling based on sound science, the potential for coal in these areas is low. Unconventional oil and gas resources The geology of the Bering Straits Energy Region strongly suggests that onshore unconventional oil and gas resources are not present. However, the geology of the Norton basin, located a short distance offshore in the shallow waters of the northeastern Bering Sea and Norton Sound, suggests tight gas sands could be present in the basin. Nevertheless, development of unconventional oil and gas resources require significant amounts of expensive technology to test and produce. A full economic analysis should be performed before attempting exploration and development of this type of resource in such a remote and high-risk setting. REFERENCES CITED AND SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY Barnes, D.F., and Hudson, T., 1977, Bouguer gravity map of Seward Peninsula, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-796-C, 1 sheet. Cathcart, S.H., 1920, Mining in northwestern Alaska, in U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral resources of Alaska—Report on progress of investigations in 1918: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 712, p. 185–198. Cline, J.D., and Holmes, M.L., 1977, Submarine seepage of natural gas in Norton Sound, Alaska: Science, v. 198, p. 1,149–1,153. Clough, J.G., 2007, Coal resource potential assessment of the Boulder Creek proposed lease area, Bendeleben A-1 Quadrangle, Seward Peninsula: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, unpublished docu- ment submitted to State of Alaska, Division of Mining Land & Water. Clough, J.G., Roe, J.T., Eakins, G.R., Callahan, J.E., and Charlie, K.M., 1995, Coal resources of northwest Alaska: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Report of Investigation 93-3, 35 p., 10 sheets, scale 1:12,000. Collier, A.J., Hess, E.L., Smith, P.S., and Brooks, A.H., 1908, The gold placers of parts of Seward Peninsula, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 328, 343 p. Dames & Moore, and Resource Associates of Alaska, 1980, Assessment of coal resources of northwest Alaska, in Coal resources of northwest Alaska, phase I, v. 2, task 2: Anchorage, Alaska Power Authority, 216 p., 2 sheets. Decker, J.E., Robinson, M.S., Clough, J.G., and Lyle, W.M., 1987, Geology and petroleum potential of Hope and Selawik basins: Alaska Division of Geological & Geo- physical Surveys Public Data File 88-1, 33 p. Dickinson, K.A., Cunningham, K., and Ager, T.A., 1987, Geology and origin of the Death Valley uranium deposit, Seward Peninsula, Alaska: Journal of Economic Geology, v. 82, p. 1,558–1,574. Dilley, L.M., 2007, Preliminary feasibility report—Pilgrim Hot Springs, Nome, Alaska: Report to Alaska Energy Bering Straits Page 30PDF Image | FOSSIL FUEL AND GEOTHERMAL ENERGY SOURCES FOR LOCAL USE
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