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Chapter D, Bristol Bay Fossil Fuel and Geothermal Energy Sources for Local Use in Alaska include Togiak, Naknek, New Stuyahok, Manokotak, and King Salmon, with populations ranging from nearly 800 to approximately 400 residents. Smaller populations occupy 24 smaller permanent villages. All of these communities are isolated from the major population centers along the Railbelt, and are only accessible by air, boat, or snowmachine. Topography in the Bristol Bay region varies widely from high, rugged mountains of the southern Alaska Range, to the low-relief Nushagak hills, isolated volcanic peaks on the eastern Alaska Peninsula, and lowlands of the Nushagak and Mulchatna river basins and the western Alaska Peninsula. Geologically, southern Alaska is composed of a series of far-traveled crustal fragments that have been accreting to continental North America since early Cretaceous time (over the last 240 million years). Most bedrock within the Bristol Bay Energy Region represents a complex geologic history of mountain building and sedimentary basin development since early to middle Jurassic time (Detterman and others, 1996). The rock comprising the mountainous regions on the eastern Alaska Peninsula and in the Chigmit Mountains (Peninsular Terrane) are primarily the product of Jurassic-age subduction processes such as arc volcanism and intrusion of igneous rocks into the overriding continental crust, and their subsequent erosion and deposition into neighboring basins. These erosional products and underlying basement rocks are the hydrocarbon sources for the Bristol Bay and Cook Inlet basins (Decker and others, 2008; Detterman and Hartsock, 1966). This area has undergone subsequent episodic uplift and basin development since late Cretaceous time (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966) that has resulted in deposition of some of the coal-bearing rocks on the Alaska Peninsula and the principal hydrocarbon reservoir rocks in the Bristol Bay and Cook Inlet basins (Calderwood and Fackler, 1972; Helmold and others, 2008). These plate boundary processes, including arc volcanism and locally elevated geothermal gradients, were similar to what is presently occurring along the southcentral coast of Alaska. Like many parts of Alaska, the region spans several fault- bounded geologic blocks or terranes that were assembled by strike-slip and collisional tectonic processes during Mesozoic to early Tertiary time (Silberling and others, 1992). From southeast to northwest, the major faults in the region that mark the suturing of these provinces are the Bruin Bay, Castle Mountain, and Mulchatna faults and the Togiak–Tikchik strands of the larger Denali–Farewell fault system. Except where overlapped by younger Tertiary sedimentary strata on the edges of the North Aleutian (or Bristol Bay) basin (sheet 2), or by Tertiary and younger volcanic cover, bedrock in the Bristol Bay Energy Region consists of a wide variety of older, Mesozoic rock types. In the northern part of the region, outcrops include mostly metamorphic and igneous basement and complexly to pervasively deformed sedimentary to low- grade metamorphic rocks. Southeast of the Bruin Bay fault system, along the southeast side of the Alaska Peninsula, most bedrock comprises moderately folded and faulted Mesozoic sedimentary formations that were never buried to great depths and have maintained relatively lower thermal maturity. Two of the older formations in this succession include excellent oil and gas source rocks, and the youngest unit contains potential coal resources. The youngest bedrock units in the Bristol Bay region are the volcanic and associated sedimentary rocks formed by eruptions of the Aleutian arc volcanoes within the last 10 million years (summarized from Kirschner, 1988; Beikman, 1980). GEOLOGIC ENERGY RESOURCE POTENTIAL IN THE BRISTOL BAY ENERGY REGION Mineable coal resource potential Significant coal resources occur only in the Alaska Peninsula region of the development area. The main coal- bearing area is the Chignik Field, near Chignik Bay (fig. D2). Nearby villages include Ivanof Bay, Chignik, Chignik Lake, Chignik Lagoon, Perryville, Port Heiden, Ugashik, Pilot Point, and Egegik. Chignik Field. Coal in the Chignik Bay area occurs primarily in the Coal Valley Member of the Late Cretaceous- age Chignik Formation, with less abundant coal occurrences in the Paleocene–Early Eocene Tolstoi Formation. The Chignik Field extends for approximately 25 miles along the northwest shore of Chignik Bay, amounting to about 50 square miles of coal-bearing rocks (fig. D2; Merritt and McGee, 1986). Principal coal deposits in the Chignik Formation occur in a 1- to 3-mile-wide swath best exposed along the Chignik River, Whalers Creek, Thompson Valley, and Hook Bay, and in the areas of the Anchorage, Amber, and Nakalilok bays (Merritt and McGee, 1986; Detterman and others, 1984). The Alaska coal mined land inventory lists four mines in the Chignik area that were active to some degree in the late 1800s to early 1900s (Plangraphics, 1983). The Chignik River mine opened in 1893 and operated for at least 12 years to supply coal to a nearby cannery (Plangraphics, 1983). Activity on the Hook Bay mine was begun in 1908 (Plangraphics, 1983), however there is no data on actual coal production from these mines. Coals in these areas are ranked as high-volatile B bituminous with high ash content (~20 percent), low sulfur content, and raw heating values that range widely from approximately 5,500 to 12,500 Btu. After washing, this value may increase on average to more than 12,000 Btu with an ash content of less than 12 percent. Peninsula-wide, it is estimated that there are 14 beds in the Chignik Formation that are greater than 14 inches thick. Individual coalbeds in the Chignik Field range in thickness from approximately six inches to 4.5 feet (Conwell and Triplehorn, 1978). Conwell and Triplehorn (1978) allude to possibly 8 square miles of recoverable coal from the Chignik Formation in the Chignik River area, amounting to about 60 million tons. Detterman and others (1984) conducted a Bristol Bay Page 34PDF Image | FOSSIL FUEL AND GEOTHERMAL ENERGY SOURCES FOR LOCAL USE
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