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Fossil Fuel and Geothermal Energy Sources for Local Use in Alaska Chapter D, Bristol Bay Figure D2. Location map of the southwestern Bristol Bay Energy Region, showing selected geographic references noted in the text (note inset detailed map of the Chignik Bay area). Black dots indicate reported coal occurrences; pick-axe symbol indicates location of a historic coal mine; yellow shaded areas are inferred to be underlain by coal-bearing rocks. reconnaissance study in the Chignik area and estimated 242 million tons of inferred coal resources. Of the total resources, 56.4 million tons are estimated for the Chignik River area, 62.6 million for the Anchorage Bay area, 49.9 million for the Thompson Valley–Hook Bay areas, and 73.1 million for the Nakalilok Bay area (fig. D2). There are an estimated 430 million short tons of identified coal, and over 3 billion short tons of hypothetical coal Peninsula-wide, including the Herendeen Field in the Aleutian Energy Development Region to the south ( Merritt and Hawley, 1986). Coal quality and thickness vary greatly, both laterally and from bed to bed (Conwell and Triplehorn, 1978). Rocks of the Chignik Formation have also undergone multiple episodes of folding and faulting and, as a consequence, coalbeds along the Chignik River pinch and swell steeply- dipping faults (Merritt and McGee, 1986). Coalbeds in the Thompson Valley area have been alternately reported as mildly deformed (Merritt and McGee, 1986) to intensely deformed (Tyler and others, 2000). The lateral equivalent of coalbeds found along Chignik Bay also occur several miles inland, but are thinner and steeply dipping at the ground surface. These factors will complicate extraction of the coal, since single beds may not be traceable over long distances and may require underground mining in areas that may be prone to saltwater invasion. However, the field’s close proximity to tidewater may also be an advantage for transportation of coal to market. Geologic field mapping of the Chignik Field with measurement of stratigraphic sections, and a well-conceived reconnaissance exploratory drilling program are required to better estimate the coal reserves in the area. Other occurrences. Thin coalbeds have also been observed in the headwaters of the Kanektok River approximately 60 miles north of the village of Togiak on the north shore of Bristol Bay (fig. D3; Roehm, 1937), but they are low-grade lignite and not likely to be a significant source of energy. Isolated coal occurrences of unknown extent are reported near Puale Bay and Cape Douglas (lignite), and Amalik Bay (bituminous) by Merritt and Hawley (1986). Merritt and Hawley (1986) also depict a Ugashik coal district southeast of Ugashik Lakes (fig. D4) in what are Chignik and Tolstoi Formation strata, although mention of the district does not appear in prior or subsequent reports. Nonetheless, a local resident in the Ugashik Lakes area reported a 6- to 8-foot- thick coalbed near Old Creek (Roland Briggs, 2009, written commun.); although the rank and quality of this occurrence have not been evaluated, it may suggest a more significant coal resource in the region. Conventional oil and gas resource potential As explained in the discussion of requirements for exploitable oil and gas resources (Chapter A), functioning petroleum systems occur in thick sedimentary basins, and consist of three basic elements: Effective source rocks, reservoirs, and traps. Each of the elements must be in Page 35 Bristol BayPDF Image | FOSSIL FUEL AND GEOTHERMAL ENERGY SOURCES FOR LOCAL USE
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