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Fossil Fuel and Geothermal Energy Sources for Local Use in Alaska Chapter D, Bristol Bay Figure D4. Location map of the south-central Bristol Bay Energy Region, showing selected geographic references noted in the text. Black dots indicate reported coal occurrences; yellow shaded areas are inferred to be underlain by coal- bearing rocks. Outcrop and well control indicate that gas-prone source rocks are more widespread than oil-prone sources in the region, consisting of both shallow marine shales and nonmarine coaly strata of Tertiary age, notably in the Tolstoi, Stepovak, and Bear Lake Formations (McLean, 1987; Sherwood and others, 2006; Decker, 2008). Both biogenic and thermogenic gas may be present in some parts of the region’s sedimentary basins. Exploitable accumulations of biogenic gas require recent uplift to migrate the gas into conventional reservoirs (Chapter A). This type of uplift may have occurred along the southern edge of the North Aleutian basin on the northwest side of the Alaska Peninsula but additional seismic and exploration drilling is required to substantiate.. The most promising area for thermogenic gas charge in the Bristol Bay Energy Region is beneath the Bristol Bay Lowlands near the southeastern margin of the North Aleutian basin (sheet 2). Between Egegik and Ugashik, as well as southwest of Port Heiden, much of the lower part of the Tertiary basin-fill succession appears to be mature for hydrocarbon generation (Sherwood and others, 2006). The area between Ugashik and Port Heiden was a massive volcanic complex during early to mid Tertiary time (Sherwood and others, 2006; Decker and others, 2008), and is likely devoid of coals or other strata with hydrocarbon source potential. Reservoir rocks. Several Tertiary formations in the North Aleutian basin have adequate thickness of sandstone with sufficient porosity and permeability to serve as reservoirs for either oil or gas. In particular, the Bear Lake Formation and parts of the Stepovak Formation have been widely observed to have good reservoir quality in outcrop and in wells that encountered it at depth (McLean, 1987; Turner and others, 1988; Sherwood and others, 2006; Decker and others, 2005, 2006). The younger Milky River Formation also maintains high porosity and permeability, although this unit may be too shallow to host effective traps or maintain sufficient reservoir pressure. Available data indicate many formations are affected by alteration of the sandstone after burial, potentially creating a challenge to preserving reservoir quality (Lyle and others, 1979; Turner and others, 1988; Helmold and others, 2008). For example, well tests of gas-bearing sandstones in these units in the Becharof #1 well documented low flow rates and weak flowing pressures, consistent with compromised permeability. Mesozoic formations of the Alaska Peninsula south and east of the Bruin Bay fault contain thick sandstones and some limestones that, where favorably altered, could serve as hydrocarbon reservoirs. Existing analyses of the porosity and permeability remaining in these units is typically below thresholds necessary for conventional oil and gas production. However, these data represent a relatively modest set of subsurface (well) and outcrop samples. In special cases, early entrapment of hydrocarbons can prevent porosity destruction in sandstone reservoirs, and hydrothermal alteration can create secondary porosity in limestone formations. Page 37 Bristol BayPDF Image | FOSSIL FUEL AND GEOTHERMAL ENERGY SOURCES FOR LOCAL USE
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