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Fossil Fuel and Geothermal Energy Sources for Local Use in Alaska Chapter D, Bristol Bay gas window, but insufficient data are available to assess the presence of a well-developed fracture system necessary for efficient shale gas production. Mesozoic source rocks appear to be restricted to the southeastern coastal areas of the region and outcrop and well data indicate they are most likely oil prone (Decker, 2008). Although associated gas is possible, available information suggests shale gas potential is limited. However, recent advances in drilling technology have resulted in the production of oil directly from this type of oil-prone source rock (termed shale oil). Although this resource type has never been considered in this region, the high quality of the Triassic and Jurassic source rocks indicates that hydrocarbons may be reservoired directly in their source rock. Gas hydrates. The main occurrences of gas hydrates in nature are in modern marine sediments and in arctic regions with a well-developed, continuous permafrost. Permafrost is not well developed in the Bristol Bay Energy Region and is discontinuous where locally present. Consequently the potential for economic concentrations of gas hydrates is low. Geothermal resource potential Geothermal prospectivity in the Bristol Bay Energy Region is limited to the southern and eastern parts of the area, between Katmai National Park and Stepovak Bay. Two thermal springs with surface discharge temperatures of 73°F (23°C) and 151°F (66°C) are present in the region. The most promising geothermal feature in the region is the Mother Goose hot spring system, located at the northwest base of Mount Chiginagak. The largest Mother Goose spring discharges 151°F (66°C) water at a rate of >106 gallons per minute into a small stream that feeds into Volcano Creek (Motyka and others, 1994). Stream flow and temperature measurements indicate thermal water is discharged from the entire Mother Goose hot spring system at a rate of >1,321 gallons per minute (Motyka and others, 1994). The springs are near the contact of the Mount Chiginagak volcanic rocks and the underlying fossiliferous, feldspathic sandstone of the Cretaceous-age Staniukovich Formation (Motyka and others, 1994). The closest community is Ugashik, located 27 miles northwest of Mother Goose hot spring. The Aniakchak thermal spring has a discharge temperature of 73°F (23°C) and emanates from near an old volcanic vent and flows into Surprise Lake, in the northeast part of Aniakchak caldera (Motyka and others, 1994).There are also numerous fumarole fields in Katmai National Park surrounding the site of the Valley of 10,000 Smokes, where Novarupta volcano deposited up to 700 feet of ash during a massive eruption in June 1912. Today there are at least seven fumarole fields actively steaming in the area, at temperatures of up to 212°F (100°C) (Motyka and others, 1983). Geothermal gradients established by temperatures taken in deep oil and gas exploratory wells show a normal heat flow in most of the region, except in local areas near volcanic centers. RECOMMENDATIONS Conventional oil and gas resource recommendations Previous reconnaissance-scale geologic fieldwork has established the framework geology of the Alaska Peninsula (Detterman and others, 1996). However, significant improvements in our understanding of the region’s petroleum potential could be achieved with additional detailed field mapping and stratigraphic studies. This type of work would build on the successful recent topical studies of the Alaska Peninsula by DNR geologists (Reifenstuhl and Decker, 2008). The petroleum industry has expressed clear interest in exploring federal waters of the southern North Aleutian basin, which is considered prospective for commercial-scale natural gas accumulations (Anchorage Daily News, 2005; Shell Exploration and Production, 2008). A significant discovery could potentially make gas available to markets in the Bristol Bay energy region, although this cannot occur until offshore federal leasing is reinitiated. Industry has shown only moderate interest in exploring leasable state acreage onshore and beneath state waters. These lands have been available for leasing since 2005 through the Alaska Peninsula areawide lease sale. Acquisition of high-quality modern seismic data would be required to determine whether there are exploration prospects on currently accessible lands that would be worth evaluating by drilling. New industry-led exploration would improve knowledge of the prospectivity of state lands and any commercial discovery may have the potential to supply affordable energy resources to nearby communities. Unconventional oil and gas resource recommendations Coalbed methane. The Chignik area does possess coal of sufficient rank to host coalbed methane. The presence of gas in these coal seams was confirmed by significant mud log gas shows encountered during oil exploration drilling. However, compilations of available data conclude that stratigraphic and structural complexity poses a significant challenge to coalbed methane exploration or development (Smith, 1995; Tyler and others, 2000). Prior to any exploration drilling, it is recommended that substantial geologic fieldwork be conducted in the area, including detailed geologic mapping, structural studies, and analysis of lateral changes in sedimentary units. Tight gas sands. The possibility exists for encountering fractured tight gas sands in portions of the Mesozoic section in the region, although available data suggest the probability of recovering commercial quantities of gas is low. In terms of unconventional resources, tight gas sands have the highest likelihood of providing producible quantities of hydrocarbons for local use. Nevertheless, this type of resource has not been extensively evaluated in the region and it would be difficult to entice commercial exploration for tight gas sands in this Page 39 Bristol BayPDF Image | FOSSIL FUEL AND GEOTHERMAL ENERGY SOURCES FOR LOCAL USE
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