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Fossil Fuel and Geothermal Energy Sources for Local Use in Alaska Chapter E, Copper River–Chugach the basin’s potential for shale gas. Shales of the Poul Creek and Kulthieth Formations in the Gulf of Alaska region have some potential as a resource play, particularly in the fold and thrust belt where a significant natural fracture system may be present. Additional geologic information could improve assessments of this play, including data on the distribution of source rock quality and thermal maturity. However, the economic feasibility of this type of development in a frontier region would be challenging; unconventional resource plays typically produce relatively small amounts of hydrocarbons from each well and profitability depends on inexpensive drilling costs. Gas hydrates. Due to the lack of extensive, continuous permafrost in most of the Copper River basin, the likelihood of finding gas hydrates in the region are very low, therefore no further action is recommended. Conventional oil and gas resource recommendations The locations of rural communities in the Copper River–Chugach Energy Area are largely on the road system, and patterns of land ownership are important considerations in weighing the state’s options for oil and gas energy development for local use in the Copper River–Chugach Energy Region. The sparse drilling record in the Copper River basin has not discovered any commercial hydrocarbons, but did locally record shows of natural gas. The ultimate potential of the basin remains poorly known. A more robust understanding of the hydrocarbon potential could be developed via additional geologic field studies along the basin margins. However, evaluation of the prospective subsurface part of the basin would require new, modern seismic data, followed by targeted exploration drilling. Major seeps of both oil and gas are present on the northern Gulf of Alaska east of the Copper River delta. Despite the lack of any commercial discoveries to date, many large structural and stratigraphic traps remain undrilled, and there is still potential for future production and potential remains for future production of conventional hydrocarbons. The available data suggest the region warrants additional investigation, including onshore geologic mapping and the collection of modern seismic data. Although this region may ultimately yield commercial hydrocarbon discoveries, there are no communities in close enough proximity to this prospective resource to be able to directly utilize it for local energy. Coal resource recommendations The generally limited thickness and low thermal maturity of coals surrounding the Copper River basin do not appear to warrant additional consideration as a viable local energy source. However, many of the reported occurrences have not been studied in detail, and further geological evaluation could improve knowledge of the distribution and character of any potential coal resources. The Bering River field includes high-quality coal, but may be complicated by local structure—a characteristic that led Alaska Division of Energy & Power Development (1977) to rank the field low on a list of future developable coal fields. Nevertheless, the region has witnessed very few detailed geologic studies, and a reliable assessment of the potential coal resources would require further mapping and focused stratigraphic and structural studies. Geothermal resource recommendations There are only limited possibilities for developable geothermal resources in the Copper River–Chugach Energy Region. The most promising geothermal features are in the Wrangell–Saint Elias National Park and Preserve boundary and are thus currently unavailable for geothermal development. The Tolsona mud volcanoes, while located outside the National Park and Preserve boundary, produce cool surface discharge temperatures (50°F [10°C]) and isotopic analysis performed on Tolsona mud volcano gases suggests a coal and lignite source rather than a magmatic source. For these reasons, Tolsona shows little potential for a viable geothermal application. Because of limited geothermal manifestations and land ownership issues, no further investigation is warranted at this time. REFERENCES CITED AND SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY Alaska Division of Energy and Power Development, 1977, Alaska regional energy resources planning project, phase I—Alaska’s energy resources findings and analysis, final report, v. I of XI, p. 93–97. Alaska Energy Authority (AEA), 2009, Alaska energy—A first step toward energy independence: Alaska Energy Authority, 245 pages. Available online at http://www. akenergyauthority.org/pdf files/AK Energy Final.pdf (ac- cessed November 12, 2009). Barnes, F.F., 1951, A review of the geology and coal resources of the Bering River coal field, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 146, 11 p. Beikman, H.M., 1980, Geologic map of Alaska: U.S. Geo- logical Survey special map, 1 sheet, scale 1:2,500,000. Bruns, T.R., 1996, Gulf of Alaska, in Gautier, D.L., Dolton, G.L., Takahashi K.I., and Varnes, K.L., eds., 1995 na- tional assessment of United States oil and gas resources— Results, methodology, and supporting data, U.S. Geologi- cal Survey Digital Data Series DDS-30, CD-ROM. Capps, S.R., 1915, Mineral resources of the Chisana–White River district, in U.S. Geological Survey Staff, eds., Mineral resources of Alaska; Report on progress of investigations in 1914: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 622, p. 189–228. Crick, R.W., and Lian, E.R., 1970, Copper River basin stratigraphic sections, Tawawe Lake to Moose Creek and Page 49 Copper River–ChugachPDF Image | FOSSIL FUEL AND GEOTHERMAL ENERGY SOURCES FOR LOCAL USE
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