PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 076
Chapter F, Kodiak Fossil Fuel and Geothermal Energy Sources for Local Use in Alaska Most of the land area in the Kodiak Development Region is represented by Kodiak, Afognak, and smaller nearby islands that essentially are the subaerial expression of a northwest-trending mountain belt emerging from the Gulf of Alaska waters, and are an extension of the Kenai Mountains to the northeast. The largest of these islands, Kodiak, hosts rugged mountains with peaks reaching nearly 4,500 feet. Glacially-sculpted, generally northwest-trending fjords are best developed on the northwest side of the island, producing a highly irregular coastline. Inland topography is defined by orthogonal linear ridges and broad glacial valleys. Lowlands, especially on the southwestern end of the island, support numerous small lakes and marshes. Afognak Island shares similar traits, but with more subdued, less rugged topography. The smaller islands to the northeast and southwest are of low to moderate relief. The northwestern boundary of the Kodiak Development Region on the Alaska Peninsula essentially traces the spine of the Aleutian Range from near Point Douglas southwestward to Mount Kialagvik. The rugged topography of the range often extends to the coast, which is scalloped by numerous bays. Most of the Alaska Peninsula and Aleutian Islands are the product of millions of years of accumulation of volcanic flows and detritus above a subduction zone that has been active for about 200 million years (Trop and Ridgway, 2007; Amato and others, 2007). This process continues today with the oceanic Pacific plate being thrust toward the northwest beneath the North American plate. Magma generated at the plate boundary has intruded the overriding North American plate, resulting in an arcuate array of volcanoes referred to as a volcanic island arc. Major episodes of arc volcanism have occurred at least three times on the Alaska Peninsula over the past approximately 200 million years (Reed and Lanphere, 1969; Wilson, 1985; Amato and others, 2007). Volcanism along the Aleutian chain was underway by about 35 million years ago (Wilson, 1981). Today, arc volcanism is the dominant geologic process shaping the Aleutian Islands and Alaska Peninsula. Paleozoic and early Mesozoic metamorphic and sedimentary rocks that comprised a major crustal block collided with continental North America in early to middle Triassic time and became the catchment for thick accumulations of sediments that were shed from the earliest continental arc on the Alaska Peninsula. The rocks forming the catchment and some of the early sediments filling the basin are believed to be petroleum source rocks for the adjacent Bristol Bay and Cook Inlet petroleum basins (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966; Decker and others, 2008). Subsequent cycles of tectonic subsidence and uplift since Late Cretaceous time are responsible for the coal-bearing rocks in the northwestern area of the development region (Detterman and others, 1996), as well as many of the petroleum reservoir rocks in the adjacent petroleum basins (Calderwood and Fackler, 1972; Detterman and others, 1996; Helmold and others, 2008). Cenozoic-age faulting and folding near the plate margin result from compression and transpression associated with the subduction zone and form most of the potential hydrocarbon traps for these petroleum systems and conduits for hydrothermal fluids in geothermal systems. The Kodiak Island chain is a direct expression of the same subduction processes that formed the Chugach Mountains of the Kenai Peninsula. Erosional remnants of a continental volcanic arc preserved on the northwestern sides of Kodiak and Afognak islands are the same age as the earliest volcanic arc rocks found on the Alaska Peninsula and as far north as the Talkeetna Mountains (Hill and Morris, 1977). These arc rocks are in fault contact with high-grade metamorphic rocks to the southeast that represent remnants of an extinct subduction zone that was active prior to about 190 million years ago (Carden and others, 1977). Between about 190 and 120 million years ago, subduction moved southeastward more than 100 miles to near its present-day position in the Gulf of Alaska. Since that time, sediments shed oceanward from the continental margin have been scraped off of the subducting oceanic plate and piled against the continental edge to form the rugged mountains on the eastern side of Kodiak and Afognak islands (Connelly, 1978; Bradley and others, 2009). Approximately 59 million years ago, this pile of highly-deformed strata was intruded by magma that formed the Kodiak batholith (Farris and others, 2006). None of these pre-Cenozoic rocks have value in terms of energy resources, owing to their igneous origins, high metamorphic grade, lack of organic composition, or high degree of deformation. However, a sedimentary basin developed along the southeastern coast of the islands and offshore to the southeast on the Kodiak Shelf during Eocene time (sheet 2) and includes marine and terrestrial strata that possess modest fossil fuel potential (Nilsen and Moore, 1979). GEOLOGIC ENERGY RESOURCE POTENTIAL IN THE KODIAK ENERGY REGION Mineable coal resource potential Coal is not known to occur in large quantities in the Kodiak Energy Region. The few reported occurrences are concentrated in middle or late Oligocene strata of the Sitkinak Island Formation (Nilsen and Moore, 1979). Exposures of these strata are relatively small, discontinuous, and located near the southern end of the central tidal flat on Sitkinak Island, Tanginak Anchorage on the northeastern coast of Sikalidak Island, and Boulder Bay on the eastern coast of Kodiak Island (fig. F2; Nilsen and Moore, 1979). References to coal in the Kodiak Energy Region are rare, probably owing to its meager occurrences in the area. Most of what is known about coal on Kodiak Island is found in a 1972 report by D.L. McGee, which is a compilation of earlier, and often reconnaissance-level, studies. McGee (1972) reports coal beds on Kodiak Island to be thin and likely not an economic resource. However, no bed thicknesses or Kodiak Page 54PDF Image | FOSSIL FUEL AND GEOTHERMAL ENERGY SOURCES FOR LOCAL USE
PDF Search Title:
FOSSIL FUEL AND GEOTHERMAL ENERGY SOURCES FOR LOCAL USEOriginal File Name Searched:
sr066.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)