FOSSIL FUEL AND GEOTHERMAL ENERGY SOURCES FOR LOCAL USE

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FOSSIL FUEL AND GEOTHERMAL ENERGY SOURCES FOR LOCAL USE ( fossil-fuel-and-geothermal-energy-sources-for-local-use )

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Chapter G, Lower Yukon–Kuskokwim Fossil Fuel and Geothermal Energy Sources for Local Use in Alaska Figure G3. Location map of the western Lower Yukon–Kuskokwim Energy Region, showing reported coal occurrences (black dots) in the Nelson and Nunivak Island areas. Conventional oil and gas resource potential As explained in the discussion of requirements for exploitable oil and gas resources (see Chapter A), functioning petroleum systems occur in thick, sedimentary basins filled with thick successions of sedimentary rocks, and consist of three basic elements: Effective source rocks, reservoirs, and traps. Each of the elements must be in existence and connected at the time hydrocarbons are generated; if any one element is missing, a petroleum system is not present. This section considers each of the necessary elements of petroleum systems to evaluate whether conventional oil and gas resources may exist as an exploitable resource in the Lower Yukon–Kuskokwim Energy Region. The vast majority of the region is underlain by crystalline rocks and has no petroleum potential due to a geologic history of intense deformation, heating, and recrystallization under igneous and/or metamorphic conditions. Overview of sedimentary basins. The distribution of sedimentary basins that could potentially host petroleum systems in the Lower Yukon–Kuskokwim region are shown on sheet 2. These include the Paleozoic-age Holitna basin, the Cretaceous-age Yukon–Koyukuk and Kuskokwim basins, and the Cenozoic-age Holitna and Bethel basins. The Paleozoic-age Holitna basin, to the northeast of the Kulukbuk fault, differs from the Cenozoic-age Holitna basin in age, size, and in the types of sedimentary rocks present. The Paleozoic Holitna basin is a fragment of a much larger sedimentary basin and is filled with deep marine through nearshore marine sedimentary rocks, including limestones, dolomites, sandstones, and shales. The Yukon–Koyukuk and Kuskokwim basins cover a large portion of the region, developed in Mesozoic time, and are filled with deep marine through nonmarine(?) strata (Nilsen, 1989). Late-Mesozoic- age sandstones and shales, similar to those known from both the Yukon–Koyukuk and Kuskokwim basins, underlie a thin cover of Cenozoic-age strata throughout the Bethel basin (Kirschner, 1994; Mull and others, 1995), and most likely extend beneath a large part of the lower Yukon–Kuskokwim area, including the Yukon delta. The Cenozoic-age Holitna basin is a teardrop-shaped basin along the Denali–Farewell fault zone and gravity data suggest it is filled with nearly 15,000 feet of younger sedimentary rocks (sheet 2; Kirschner, 1994). Based on regional geology, the basin fill is assumed to be exclusively nonmarine, although the actual rock types in the subsurface are unknown owing to the absence of well data or rock outcrops in the footprint of the basin (LePain and others, 2000; 2003). The Cenozoic Bethel basin (sheet 2) is relatively thin, as indicated by the single exploration well that penetrated one of the deepest parts of the basin identified in gravity data (Mull and others, 1995). The Yukon River has accreted a large delta where it has discharged into the Bering Sea over the last 12,000 to 15,000 years. Prior to this time, during the height of the last glacial episode, the delta was several hundred kilometers Lower Yukon–Kuskokwim Page 66

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