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Fossil Fuel and Geothermal Energy Sources for Local Use in Alaska Chapter H, North Slope Figure H2. Location map of the North Slope Energy Region, showing extensive distribution of rocks bearing bituminous and subbituminous coal. Black dots indicate additional, more isolated reported coal occurrences. been noted on the Kukpowruk River as close as 5 miles from the mouth, although the best candidate for development appears to be about 40 miles farther upstream, where a 15-foot-thick coal seam dips gently at river level (Toenges and Jolley, 1947). Less data exist for the Kukpuk River locality, although local Natives reported a 10-foot-thick seam approximately 15 miles east of the village (Toenges and Jolley, 1947). The quality and abundance of coal in the vicinity of Point Lay suggest it could reasonably supply energy for local use. Point Hope is near some of the oldest coal beds known in Alaska, found in the early Mississippian age Kapaloak Formation (Tailleur, 1966). These coals crop out intermittently along the western side of the Lisburne Hills from Cape Thompson to Cape Dyer and along the Kukpuk River and various other drainages in the area (fig. H4) (Clough and others, 1995). Although Eskimos had reportedly long collected coal along the beaches for local use, explorers in the region first observed these coals 1831; the convenient location along the sea cliffs led to extensive use by passing whaling ships and revenue cutters in the late 1800s and early 1900s (Collier, 1906). These coals are reportedly low-sulfur, low-volatile bituminous to semi-anthracite and possess very high heating quality (11,457–14,731 Btu/lb) (Conwell and Triplehorn, 1976; Clough and others, 1995). Unlike the Cretaceous coals to the north, the rocks in the Lisburne Hills were significantly affected by the development of the Brooks Range and are complexly folded and faulted (Clough and others, 1995). This deformation complicates subsurface prediction and estimation of reserves, resulting in higher exploration and mining risk. Nevertheless, the proximity of this resource to Point Hope and the high heating quality of the coal suggest it could potentially be utilized to satisfy local energy needs. Conventional oil and gas resource potential As explained in the discussion of requirements for exploitable oil and gas resources (see Chapter A), functioning petroleum systems occur in thick sedimentary basins, and consist of three basic elements: Effective source rocks, reservoirs, and traps. Each of the elements must be in existence and connected at the time hydrocarbons are generated. This section considers each of these necessary elements of petroleum systems in turn to evaluate whether conventional oil and gas resources may exist as an exploitable resource near any of the communities in the North Slope Energy Region. Overview of sedimentary basins. Sheet 2 illustrates the broad distribution of Cretaceous and Tertiary sediments of the Colville basin (after Kirschner, 1988), which spans the North Slope region and represents the largest onshore sedimentary basin in Alaska. Beneath these Brooks-Range- derived sediments is a thick package of Mississippian through Cretaceous rocks derived from an enigmatic source to the north (Moore and others, 1994). The most intensive exploratory drilling (sheet 2) highlights the most prospective portion of the basin along the Barrow arch, a relative subsurface high along the north flank of the basin where source and reservoir rocks were not buried too deeply and subtle uplift generated favorable trapping relationships (Houseknecht and Bird, 2006). Source rocks. Alaska’s North Slope is endowed with several excellent oil and gas source rocks in the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous (Magoon and Claypool, 1985) and this parameter is generally not a limiting factor in most exploration targets. The total depth of burial is often a more important issue, particularly when considering regions south of the Barrow arch, such as near the community of Point Lay, where many of the source rocks are very deeply Page 75 North SlopePDF Image | FOSSIL FUEL AND GEOTHERMAL ENERGY SOURCES FOR LOCAL USE
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