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Fossil Fuel and Geothermal Energy Sources for Local Use in Alaska Chapter H, North Slope conventional accumulation that could be harnessed for local use. If so, engineering and economic studies would also be critical in assessing whether this potential resource is competitive with present energy sources. Coal resource recommendations The western part of the North Slope Energy Region contains abundant subbituminous and bituminous coal reserves that might benefit the following communities: Point Hope, Point Lay, Wainwright, and Atqasuk (fig H2). Of these communities, our understanding of the high-quality coal resources near Point Lay is the most mature due to recent exploration efforts. Local energy needs could be supplied by these coals, particularly if a local use agreement is planned into future commercial-scale development. If commercial development proceeded, there is a sufficient resource base to support a power plant feeding other communities along the western Arctic coast. The modest historic mining near Point Hope, Wainwright, and Atqasuk demonstrates the feasibility of further exploitation. In these three communities, a logical next step would be improved geologic characterization, particularly shallow drilling near Wainwright and Atqasuk, where surface exposures are limited in the coastal plain. Exploration risk associated with mining the coals in the Point Hope area could be reduced through the execution of detailed geologic mapping and stratigraphic work to characterize the local and regional structural relationships. Remaining villages in the region are either not in need of additional local energy sources (Barrow and Nuiqsut), or are not situated near any mineable coals (Kaktovik and Anaktuvuk Pass). It should be noted that the development of any of these coal resources would need to overcome nontrivial difficulties associated with the extreme climate, including plans for reclamation in sensitive permafrost environments. Additionally, the National Petroleum Reserve Alaska is closed to mineral development, which includes coal mining. Any coal mining in the NPRA would require a change in the regulations for mineral development near the affected villages. Unconventional oil and gas resource recommendations Coalbed methane. The abundance of subbituminous to bituminous coal and gas-prone source rocks near the communities of Wainwright, Atqasuk, and Point Lay suggest the overall potential for coalbed methane is fair to good. However, coalbed methane production techniques are unproven in rural Arctic Alaska and it remains unclear if any of these could be developed in a cost-effective manner. The results of coalbed methane test drilling at Wainwright are encouraging, although a number of engineering challenges remain, including effective water disposal and production in permafrost settings. Nevertheless, depending on the results of ongoing studies and sustained investment in the project, this unconventional resource may ultimately provide Wainwright with local energy and serve as a critical benchmark for future exploration elsewhere in rural Alaska. The nature and source of gas seeps in the Atqasuk area remain poorly known and deserve further study. The results of ongoing studies by academic and government researchers should provide preliminary constraints and assist in evaluations of whether or not this gas might represent a viable source of energy for the community. Tight gas sands and shale gas. The ultimate potential of tight gas sands and shale gas in rural Alaska remains unknown; given the abundance of gas-prone source rocks across the North Slope, future assessment of these resources is warranted, perhaps including detailed analysis of existing well data and new sample analyses. Gas hydrates. Although the estimated volume of gas hydrate resource on the North Slope is enormous, long-term production is unproven and its application in rural settings must await further government- and industry-led research. REFERENCES CITED AND SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY Barnes, F.F., 1967, Coal resources of Alaska: U.S. Geologi- cal Survey Bulletin 1242-B, p. B1–B36, 1 sheet, scale 1:2,500,000. Bartsch-Winkler, Susan, and Huffman, A.C., Jr., 1988, Sand- stone petrography of the Nanushuk Group and Torok Formation, in Gryc, George, ed., Geology and exploration of the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska, 1974 to 1982: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1399, p. 801–831. Beikman, H.M., 1980, Geologic map of Alaska: U.S. Geo- logical Survey special map, 1 sheet, scale 1:2,500,000. Bird, K.J., 1987, The framework geology of the North Slope of Alaska as related to oil-source rock correlations, in Tailleur, Irv, and Weimer, Paul, eds., Alaskan North Slope geology: Pacific Section, Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists and Alaska Geological Society, v. 50, p. 121–143. Bird, K.J., 1994, Ellesmerian(!) petroleum system, North Slope, Alaska, USA, in Magoon, L.B., and Dow, W.G., eds., The petroleum system—From source to trap: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 60, p. 339–358. Bird, K.J., 1999, Assessment Overview, Chapter AO, in ANWR Assessment Team, eds., The oil and gas resource potential of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge 1002 Area, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-34, 56 p., http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/ofr-98-0034/ AO.pdf. Bird, K.J. and Andrews, J., 1979, Subsurface studies of the Nanushuk Formation, North Slope, Alaska, in Ahlbrandt, T.S., ed., Preliminary geologic, petrologic, and paleonto- logic results of the study of Nanushuk Formation rocks, Page 79 North SlopePDF Image | FOSSIL FUEL AND GEOTHERMAL ENERGY SOURCES FOR LOCAL USE
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