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Fossil Fuel and Geothermal Energy Sources for Local Use in Alaska Chapter I, Northwest Arctic Figure I2. Location map of the west-central Northwest Arctic Energy Region, showing selected geographic references noted in the text. Black dots indicate reported coal occurrences; pick-axe symbols indicate historic coal mines in the Kobuk River area. Several coal occurrences have been reported from the Hockley Hills, in the southwestern Waring Mountains. Exposures on the north side of the hills are poor and include only very thin streaks, but considerably thicker, more promising outcrops occur on the south side along the Singauruk River (fig. I2). The main exposure is about 300 feet up the river bluff and includes four main coal seams ranging from 3 to 6 feet thick (Clough and others, 1982a). Many thin shale partings occur with these seams and depending on the analytical technique employed, these coals range from subbituminous to bituminous; the latter assessment is likely more accurate considering the relatively high ash content (Clough and others 1995). This coal has properties similar to samples analyzed from the Kobuk River area and may be broadly correlative. Cenozoic Coal Occurrences. Cenozoic sediments are interpreted to fill several separate but related sedimentary basins in the Northwest Arctic Energy Region based on scattered outcrops, two exploration wells, and widely spaced two-dimensional (2-D) seismic lines (sheet 2; Kirschner, 1994). These extensional basins are known to contain lignitic coals that are locally very thick, especially at the Chicago Creek mine (fig. I4), where extensive shallow drilling and geophysical work in the early 1980s constrained the local distribution and extent of the resource. The following discussion briefly summarizes known examples of Cenozoic coal at the surface. The most important known occurrence of Cenozoic coals are from the Kugruk River and Kiwalik River areas (fig. I4) in the southwestern part of the region. Although surface exposures are lacking, several smaller tributaries (Chicago, French, Goose, Independence, Mina, Hunter, and Wilson creeks) (see summary in Dames and Moore, 1980) contain coal float, suggesting a potential coal resource likely underlies much of the area. Four small mines (Chicago Creek, Wallin, Superior, and Kugruk) were active in the early 19th century, all probably exploiting the same very thick coal seam (Plangraphics, Inc., 1983; Clough and others, 1995). In the early to mid 1980s, the State of Alaska sponsored a significant investigation of the most promising of these mines at Chicago Creek, acquiring subsurface information on the resource. Of particular note were 14 shallow drill holes totaling 2,800 feet that offer vital constraints on the lateral continuity and thickness variability of the resource. Summaries of this work indicate that the main coal seam has been traced over 8,000 feet laterally in the subsurface and reaches thicknesses of up to 100 feet (Ramsey and others, 1986). Correlations between drill holes indicate significant complications due to folding and faulting and the coal is highly deformed locally. Coal quality data indicate a low rank of lignite with significant moisture content typical of low-maturity coals (Clough and others, 1995). Based on this subsurface delineation, the Chicago Creek mine area is estimated to contain at least 3.4 million tons of demonstrated coal resource (Ramsey Page 85 Northwest ArcticPDF Image | FOSSIL FUEL AND GEOTHERMAL ENERGY SOURCES FOR LOCAL USE
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