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Chapter I, Northwest Arctic Fossil Fuel and Geothermal Energy Sources for Local Use in Alaska reservoir, an unusual set of geologic conditions are required involving the formation of early traps, rapid burial, and finally rapid uplift (Rice, 1993). Small amounts of gas have been encountered in shallow drilling around Kotzebue Sound (seismic shot holes and a water well). These occurrences are all considered to be biogenic (Troutman and Stanley, 2003) based on their chemistry. The shallow positions of the encountered gas may suggest that it is produced by small amounts of decaying organic matter (Miller and others, 1959) with the resulting methane byproduct likely trapped beneath impermeable permafrost. This type of ephemeral accumulation is not likely to yield sustained production. Reservoir rocks. Sparse data indicate the reservoir quality in the region is variable, but generally low. The abundance of chemically unstable volcanic debris in sandstone commonly produces poor reservoirs. Based on 39 samples of Cretaceous sandstone, the average porosity was 4.7 percent, significantly lower than required for conventional petroleum reservoirs (Decker and others, 1987). The low reservoir quality suggested by these results is consistent with regional studies of these rocks across western Alaska, which indicates minerals such as laumontite have precipitated in the pore space (Hoare and others, 1964). The younger Cenozoic section is likely to have better reservoir quality due to less burial. Porosity values extrapolated from geophysical logs in the two exploration wells suggest values as high as 40 percent in the shallow section, decreasing to 5 percent near the base (Fisher, 1982). The elevated porosity is probably a function of limited compaction and cementation in the near-surface sediments. The consistent decrease in reservoir quality with depth is not encouraging, and deeper targets in the Kotzebue and Selawik basins would presumably follow a similar trend. Traps. Existing geologic maps indicate variable intensities of folding and faulting have impacted the region. The Cretaceous rocks in the Waring Mountains and Kobuk River area are complexly deformed, likely by multiple phases of tectonics. This history suggests the development and preservation of structural traps is very unlikely and that exploration for such targets would be challenged to find accumulations. The extension that created Cenozoic basins in the region is conducive to the development of a variety of hydrocarbon traps. The juxtaposition of uplifted blocks and down- dropped lows, combined with local and regional tilting, can be effective elements of a trap. Although seismic data are limited, the available lines indicate that reasonable trapping geometries may be present in the Kotzebue and Selawik basins. Due to the very limited exploratory drilling, many untested large structures are likely to be present. If shallow biogenic accumulations are targeted, the integrity of seal rocks may present a risk factor due to insufficient compaction. Summary of conventional oil and gas resource potential. The regional potential for oil accumulations is considered low due to the lack of identified oil-prone source rocks. In the northern and eastern parts of the region, the potential is further hampered by poor reservoir quality and structural complexity. In the Cenozoic basins, data suggest most rocks are immature, having been subjected to insufficient burial to convert the organic matter to liquid hydrocarbons. Conventional gas prospects are considered fair due to the abundance of terrestrial organic matter. It is possible that sufficient maturity has been reached in the deepest parts of the Kotzebue–Selawik basins for the generation of thermogenic gas. In addition, it remains possible that biogenic gas could have accumulated in conventional reservoirs, similar to the process inferred for Cook Inlet. However, this unusual phenomenon requires an abrupt decrease in the hydrostatic pressure (usually by uplift) in order for the gas to migrate. At present, the timing and magnitude of any uplift events involving Cenozoic strata in the Kotzebue and Selawik basins are insufficiently known to reliably evaluate this potential. Although the likelihood of this mechanism operating in this region is low, additional field studies (geologic mapping, structural studies, thermochronology, etc) would help to test the viability of this resource type for exploration. Unconventional oil and gas resource potential Coalbed methane. The region possesses abundant evidence for coal (see above), which is the required ingredient for this resource. However, most thick Cenozoic coals are lignite and thus do not have well-developed cleating. These natural fractures create the permeability that is required to effectively produce methane hosted in the coal (see Chapter A). The onshore Selawik basin may have as much as 10,000 feet of basin fill (Patton, 1973), allowing for the possibility that deeper parts of the basin may have witnessed sufficient burial maturity to develop cleating. The older Cretaceous coal-bearing section around the Kobuk River area likely has better maturity (bituminous) and includes adequate cleating. However, the surface exposures of these coals indicate they are considerably thinner and more structurally complex than the Cenozoic examples. Available surface mapping indicates coal beds are often steeply dipping and affected by extensive folding and faulting—all of which adds a significant component of risk to exploration success. Presently the geometry and distribution of these coals in the subsurface are very poorly known. Tight gas sands. The Cretaceous sediments in the Kobuk River region could be categorized as tight gas sands based on their low permeability. However, the absence of source rocks and structural complexity suggests the potential for gas accumulation is very low. The Cenozoic sediments associated with the Kotzebue, Selawik, and other basins have similarly provided little evidence for source rocks, and available data Northwest Arctic Page 88PDF Image | FOSSIL FUEL AND GEOTHERMAL ENERGY SOURCES FOR LOCAL USE
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