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Chapter J, Railbelt Fossil Fuel and Geothermal Energy Sources for Local Use in Alaska approximately the western boundaries of the Copper River basin, Fort Greely, and the Yukon–Charley Rivers National Preserve. The largest population center in the Railbelt Energy Region is the municipality of Anchorage, which also includes the community of Eagle River, for a total of approximately 284,000 residents. The majority of the remaining population is found in three large boroughs: the Fairbanks North Star Borough (~97,000), the Matanuska–Susitna Borough (~80,000), and the Kenai Peninsula Borough (~52,000). The Fairbanks North Star Borough is anchored by the city of Fairbanks and other communities with between 2,000 and 12,000 people, such as College, Eielson Air Force Base, Ester, and North Pole. The Matanuska–Susitna Borough includes a large number of small communities of fewer than 10,000 people, including Wasilla, Palmer, and Houston. The Kenai Peninsula Borough is similarly composed of a large number of smaller communities, including Kenai, Homer, Nikiski, Soldotna, and Seward. Towns along the Parks Highway near Denali National Park include Cantwell, McKinley Park, Healy, Ferry, and Anderson with a combined population of about 2,000. The development region also includes many smaller, outlying villages with fewer than 200 people. The Railbelt Energy Region encompasses a diverse assortment of physiographic and geologic settings ranging from rugged, glaciated mountain ranges, to solitary volcanoes, rolling hills, and coastal and interior lowlands. Major mountainous areas in the region include the Alaska Range and Kenai, Chugach, and Talkeetna mountains. These elevated regions are flanked by Tertiary sedimentary basins such as the Cook Inlet, Susitna, and Nenana basins, each of which contains significant known coal resources and energy potential. The petroleum potential of these basins is variable with the Cook Inlet area having produced significant volumes of hydrocarbons, whereas the more interior basins remain only lightly explored. The region also includes limited areas prospective for geothermal development, such as the Mount Spurr and Chena Hot Springs areas. Each of these physiographic features and potential energy resources are an expression and direct consequence of ancient and ongoing tectonic, erosional, and biologic processes that have been shaping the landscape for about the last 200 million years. Some of the most prominent topographic features of the Railbelt: the Kenai–Chugach Mountains, Cook Inlet basin, the southern Alaska Range, and volcanic centers such as mounts Iliamna, Redoubt, and Spurr, are the result of a long- lived, and currently active, tectonic plate boundary off the southern coast of Alaska. An oceanic plate (currently the Pacific Plate), has been subducting northwestward beneath the continental crust of Alaska since early Jurassic time (~200 million years) (Trop and Ridgway, 2007; Amato and others, 2007). Voluminous magma was intruded into the overriding continental crust and partially expelled to the surface during several cycles of volcanic events lasting millions of years (Reed and Lanphere, 1969; Wilson, 1985; Amato and others, 2007). A phase of arc magmatism is occurring today, resulting in the numerous volcanoes along the northwest side of Cook Inlet. This volcanic activity provides the heat source for potential geothermal fields, such as near Mount Spurr. Compressive forces at the plate boundary have uplifted and exhumed much of this ancient intrusive arc system, exposing the granitic roots of the arc in what are now the southern Alaska Range and Talkeetna Mountains on the northwestern and northern margins of the Cook Inlet. To the southeast, massive amounts of sediment eroded off of the continental margin and deposited on the subducting oceanic plate have been scraped off and piled up since about 190 to 120 million years ago to form what are now the Kenai– Chugach Mountains (Connelly, 1978; Bradley and others, 2009). The strata composing the Kenai–Chugach Mountains were deposited at a location farther to the southeast than they occur today, and were transported northwestward along the now inactive Border Ranges fault to their current position by latest Cretaceous to early Paleocene time (Plafker and others, 1994). The Cook Inlet forearc basin (sheet 2) resides between the topographic highs of the southern Alaska Range and Kenai–Chugach Mountains and maintains the highest energy resource potential in the region. The thick sedimentary rock package is bounded on the north and northwest by major fault systems that have been active at various times through the basin’s history. The inactive Border Ranges fault separates the Cook Inlet basin to the northwest from the Kenai and Chugach mountains to the southeast. A system of faults defining the northwest boundary of the basin includes the Bruin Bay, Lake Clark, and Castle Mountain faults. Segments of each of these faults are believed to have been active within the last ~500 years to 1.8 million years. Beginning in Paleocene time, approximately 21,000 feet of sediment accumulated in the basin, sourced from erosion of the adjacent Alaska Range and Kenai–Chugach Mountains (Plafker and others, 1992, Conwell and others, 1982; Swenson, 2003; Haeussler and others, 2000). Nearly all of the hydrocarbons produced from the Cook Inlet were reservoired in these Tertiary rocks. An extension of the Cook Inlet basin exists northwest of the Castle Mountain – Lake Clark fault system in the Capps Glacier–Tyonek area (east of Mount Spurr). This fault-bounded depression, termed the Beluga basin (Hackett, 1977), is expressed as a gravity low and is filled by Eocene and younger nonmarine conglomerate, sandstone, mudstone, coal, tuff, and volcaniclastic deposits (Barnes, 1966; Magoon and others, 1976; Gillis and others, 2009; Finzel and others, 2009). The adjacent Susitna lowland is a mostly fault-bounded, relatively shallow (Conwell and others, 1982) basin located at the northwestern end of the Cook Inlet basin and bordered by the Alaska Range to the west and north, and the Talkeetna Mountains to the east (sheet 2). The Susitna basin shares Railbelt Page 96PDF Image | FOSSIL FUEL AND GEOTHERMAL ENERGY SOURCES FOR LOCAL USE
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