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Fossil Fuel and Geothermal Energy Sources for Local Use in Alaska Chapter J, Railbelt and erosion during the last few million years of late Cenozoic time (Haeussler and others, 2000; Swenson, 2003). The trend of the Jurassic forearc basin suggests the Susitna Basin is unlikely to be underlain by the same Jurassic oil-prone source rocks that are present beneath the Cook Inlet Basin. The thickness of Cenozoic sediments in most of the Susitna basin appears to be insufficient to have generated significant thermogenic hydrocarbons. However, the abundance of coal in the basin suggests favorable conditions for biogenic gas generation. Little is known of the uplift history of the basin, but similar to Cook Inlet, it may have undergone late-stage uplift freeing biogenic gas. Available data indicate the Nenana and Minchumina basins are exclusively filled by nonmarine strata and are likely to contain mostly gas-prone coaly source rocks. However, limited publicly available information from the Totek Hills #1 well and outcrops near Healy suggests there may be intervals with potential to generate petroleum liquids (Grether and Morgan, 1988; Stanley and others, 1990). The Nenana basin’s deepest portions might be mature for thermogenic hydrocarbon generation, and abundant coals allow for the possibility that biogenic gas could occur in shallower portions of the Nenana and northeastern Minchumina basins. Reservoir rocks. Cenozoic sandstones in Cook Inlet exhibit variable reservoir quality depending on their grain size, composition and total depth of burial (Hickey and others, 2007). The younger strata within the basin (Miocene and Pliocene) are often only lightly cemented and yield very high porosity and permeability values (Helmold and others, 2011). Reservoir quality data for the Susitna, Nenana and Minchumina basins is very limited or absent. However, nonmarine sandstones in these basins may have derived from broadly similar source terrains as Cook Inlet and thus potentially share similarly favorable reservoir quality. Sandstone reservoirs in these nonmarine basins often exhibit significant lateral and vertical variability reflecting the positions of ancient river channel deposits. The ultimate complexity of this type of reservoir will determine the size of any possible hydrocarbon accumulations. Traps. The active tectonic setting of southern and central Alaska ensures the presence of numerous structural and stratigraphic trapping configurations. All major producing oil and gas accumulations in the Cook Inlet basin occur in anticlinal closures, many of which contain stacked successions of reservoir sandstones and sealing mudstones. This reliable trapping mechanism is likely in the other Railbelt basins, although insufficient subsurface mapping is available to evaluate the style folding. The elements necessary for fault-bounded traps and stratigraphic traps are probably also present in the energy region, and may be effectively sealed. Stratigraphic traps are likely to be subtle features and represent a challenging target for future exploration. Summary of conventional oil and gas resource potential. The Cook Inlet Basin has a long history as the hub of oil and gas exploration and production within the Railbelt region. Although many producing assets in Cook Inlet are mature, significant potential remains in under-developed reservoirs in producing fields and undrilled prospects. The most recent USGS assessment of the region estimated a mean value of 599 million barrels of oil and 13.7 trillion cubic feet of natural remain to be discovered in Cook Inlet (Stanley and others, 2011). The Susitna and Nenana basins have no proven economic oil and gas resources. However, these basins have only been lightly explored and the limited available geologic information suggest there is some gas resource potential. Additional data and exploratory drilling will be needed before it will be possible to predict how much, if any, of the Railbelt’s long-term energy demand these basins can be supply. The northeast part of the Minchumina basin that falls within the Railbelt energy region has very minor gas resource potential; encompassed by Denali National Park, it is not a candidate for energy development. Unconventional oil and gas resource potential Coalbed methane. The Railbelt energy region includes two large coal provinces with potential for significant volumes of coalbed methane: the Cook Inlet province and Nenana province. The overall coalbed methane potential for the Cook Inlet coal province is high as evidenced by a recent USGS assessment estimating a mean value of more than 4.5 trillion cubic feet of coalbed gas remains undiscovered in the greater Cook Inlet area (Stanley and others, 2011). Although this number evaluates technically recoverable resources, it includes offshore regions that are unlikely to be economically developed. Nevertheless, the abundance of Cenozoic coal beds in the Cook Inlet Basin and available geologic data are consistent with a very large gas resource present within shallow subsurface coal seams in the region. The resource potential is greatest in regions with higher rank coals, such as the Matanuska coalfield that contains bituminous and semi-anthracite coals. The Kenai, Broad Pass, and Beluga coalfields possess lower rank coals, some of which may not have sufficiently developed natural fractures (cleats) to permit gas flow. Desorption analyses of cores and cuttings indicate an average gas content of 230 scf/ton (standard cubic feet per ton) for bituminous coals and 80 scf/ton for subbituminous coals. Isotherms constructed for samples of both coal ranks suggest that bituminous coals are saturated with respect to methane, whereas subbituminous coals are locally unsaturated (Flores and others, 2004). Coals range in thickness from 2 to 50 ft (0.6 to 15 m) and in gas content from 50 to 250 scf/ton. They occur in the Miocene–Oligocene fluvial deposits of the Kenai Group (Montgomery and others, 2003) and are the probable source of more than 7 trillion cubic feet of biogenic gas that has been produced from conventional Page 105 RailbeltPDF Image | FOSSIL FUEL AND GEOTHERMAL ENERGY SOURCES FOR LOCAL USE
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