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Chapter J, Railbelt Fossil Fuel and Geothermal Energy Sources for Local Use in Alaska sandstone reservoirs in the basin. Many of the coal beds in the Tyonek Formation in the upper Cook Inlet Basin contain coalbed methane (Smith, 1995). Gas content ranges from 63 ft3 per short ton at standard temperature and pressure (STP) for coal beds at a shallow depth of 500 ft to 245 ft3 per short ton at standard temperature and pressure for coal beds at a depth of 1,200 ft (Flores and others, 2004). Coal beds of the upper Tyonek and lower Beluga Formations contain the best coalbed methane potential on the Kenai Peninsula, especially in reservoirs less than 6,000 ft deep. They occur at shallow depths along the western coast of the southern Kenai Peninsula and are readily accessible. Coals in the Tyonek and Beluga Formations contain as much as 2.5 percent by volume of coalbed methane (Flores and others, 2004). Based on borehole data, coals in the upper part of the Tyonek Formation contain by far the most coalbed methane resources. Coals in the lower part of the Beluga Formation contain moderate amounts of coalbed methane resources and coals of the Sterling Formation contain very low coalbed methane concentrations. The difference in the coalbed methane content between the Beluga and Sterling coals may be related to the variation in their rank, beds in the Sterling Formation being mainly lignite and those in the Tyonek and Beluga Formations being mainly subbituminous (Barnes and Cobb, 1959). Attempts to develop Tyonek coal beds by energy companies (Union and Ocean Energy) in the Wasilla area were adversely affected by the co-production of water. Large amounts of groundwater were encountered, which posed production problems in separating methane from produced water, as well as water-disposal problems by re-injection. Other targets for coalbed methane development in the Upper Cook Inlet are in the Tyonek area where the coal beds in the Tyonek Formation are as much as 50 ft thick occur at shallow depths of less than 2,000 ft (Flores and others, 2004). The existing infrastructure of petroleum development in the area, including pipelines, would be an additional aid to the development of coalbed methane. Based on gas contents of the Tyonek coals in the upper Cook Inlet which range from 63–245 scf/t at STP, the in-place methane resources in that part of the basin may be significant. The coalbed methane potential in the Nenana coal province is lower than for the Cook Inlet coal province. The coal beds in this coal province are mainly subbituminous, range from 50 to 66 ft (15 to 20 m) in thickness, and occur to depths of 3,000 ft (910 m). Exploration targets for coalbed methane are along the axes of large synclinal basins such as the Healy Creek and Lignite Creek Basins. Most of the coals in the Healy Creek and Suntrana Formations are thick (up to 65 ft) and are at shallow depths of 1,000-to 3,000-ft (Wahrhaftig and others, 1994). Coals in the Healy Creek, Suntrana, and Lignite Creek fields are mainly of subbituminous rank, with lesser lignite, and generally increase in grade to the south–southeast, toward the Alaska Range. Outcrop and surface-projected vitrinite values of the coal-bearing Usibelli Group in the Central Alaska–Nenana coal province range from 0.21 to 0.48 percent, which corresponds to lignite to subbituminous C coal ranks (Flores and others, 2004). Tight gas sands. In the Railbelt energy region, the Cook Inlet basin has the most potential for extensive tight gas resources. Potential exists in both Tertiary and Mesozoic age strata, although the greater age and depth of burial of the Mesozoic section suggests increased potential for tight gas sands. The vast majority of Sterling, Beluga and Tyonek sandstones in upper Cook Inlet are conventional oil and gas reservoirs with typical porosities greater than 20% and permeabilities greater than 10 md (Helmold and others, 2011). West Foreland sandstones have undergone more compaction and cementation than the younger Tertiary reservoirs and, where sufficiently buried, may act as tight gas sands. Many of the Mesozoic sandstones in the Cook Inlet region, in particular the Naknek Formation and Tuxedni Group have been relatively deeply buried and have undergone significant compaction and cementation (Helmold and others, 2011). Porosities are typically less than 10% and permeabilities less than 0.1 md are routinely recorded. These older, more lithified sandstones have potential as tight gas sands particularly those subjected to cataclastic deformation in addition to burial diagenesis. Extensive regional fractures have been observed in outcrops of some of the Mesozoic sandstones, particularly the Naknek formation in the lower Cook Inlet basin. Preliminary measurements of these fractures suggest they may have formed prior to Cenozoic folding and hydrocarbon migration, a scenario that improves the probability of a fracture-based unconventional petroleum system in Cook Inlet (Gillis and Wartes, 2011). Shale gas. One of the primary requirements for shale gas is an organic-rich source rock present in the thermogenic gas window that is sufficiently brittle to host a natural fracture system (see chapter A). In Cook Inlet the most promising area for thermogenic gas charge is the widespread marine siltstone and shale of the Middle Jurassic Tuxedni Formation. Although the Mesozoic source rocks appear mostly oil prone there is some potential for thermogenic gas generation, as evidenced by the recent USGS assessment estimates a mean value of 637 billion cubic feet of shale gas remain to be discovered in the basin (Stanley and others, 2011). The general lack of thermogenic gas recognized in nonmarine Tertiary rocks suggests shale gas potential is low. This likely reflects a combination of factors, including insufficient maturity in parts of the basin and a lack of laterally continuous gas-prone mudstone intervals. As noted above, the Susitna and Beluga basins probably have no underlying Mesozoic oil or gas source rocks and therefore have little potential for shale gas. In addition, these basins are not deep enough to have reached the thermal maturity necessary for generating appreciable thermogenic gas. Railbelt Page 106PDF Image | FOSSIL FUEL AND GEOTHERMAL ENERGY SOURCES FOR LOCAL USE
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