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Fossil Fuel and Geothermal Energy Sources for Local Use in Alaska Chapter K, Southeast marine deltaic to basinal marine sediments (Plafker and others, 1994) that could act as an intra-formational source. Local fractures have been observed in thin sections of the Kulthieth Formation (ARCO White Lake #1) and may signal the existence of a more regionally extensive fracture system necessary for an effective unconventional, fractured reservoir. The ARCO OCS Y-0211 (Yakutat No. 1) well encountered significant oil and gas shows in the Kulthieth sandstones. Shale gas. One of the primary requirements for shale gas is an organic-rich source rock present in the thermogenic gas window that is sufficiently brittle to host a natural fracture system (see Chapter A). Shales of the Poul Creek and Kulthieth Formations are potential source rocks for both oil and gas, with most of the observed seeps in the region believed to be inter-formational. The highest stages of thermal maturity for these source rocks approach marginally mature to mature for generation of oil and gas. Thermal maturity levels in the Kulthieth Formation in southeastern Alaska area range from immature to overmature for oil and gas generation. It is therefore unlikely that a significant volume of brittle source rocks are present within the thermogenic gas window. Gas hydrates. The main occurrences of gas hydrates in nature are in modern marine sediments and in arctic regions with well developed, continuous permafrost. Permafrost is not well developed in the Southeast Energy Region and, where locally present, is discontinuous. Consequently the potential for economic concentrations of gas hydrates in the region is low. Geothermal resource potential Geothermal prospectivity in the Southeast Energy Region is second only to geothermal prospectivity in the Aleutians Energy Region. Three occurrences of thermal spring temperatures in excess of 165°F (74°C) have been measured at various locations in the Southeast Energy Region (sheet 2). By comparison, only two such occurrences have been measured in Alaska outside the Aleutians and Southeast energy regions (Motyka and others, 1983). Bell Island has thermal springs situated 1,300 feet inland and 16 feet above high tide line with surface discharge temperatures ranging from 153°F to 165°F (67°C–74°C) (Motyka and Moorman, 1987). A direct-use application has previously been employed by utilizing five concrete basins to collect thermal water discharge at a rate of 22 gallons per minute to heat the main lodge and several cabins at the Bell Island fishing resort (Motyka and Moorman, 1987). Geothermometers predict an estimated reservoir temperature of 275°F (135°C), suggesting wells could be drilled to access higher temperature fluids to provide broader direct-use applications to the community of Bell Island (Motyka and others, 1983). The Bailey Bay hot springs site, located 50 miles north of Ketchikan near Behm Canal, has the highest measured surface discharge temperature, at 196°F (91°C), in the Southeast Energy Region. The estimated reservoir temperature underlying these springs is 302°F (150°C) (Motyka and others, 1983). Ten principal springs and numerous seeps account for a combined total discharge of 66 gallons per minute issuing from granitic bedrock on a steep northwest-facing slope of Spring Creek valley and draining into Lake Shelokum (Motyka and Moorman, 1987). High spring discharge rates and close proximity to the fishing community of Bell Island could make a direct-use application at Bailey Bay hot springs a viable project. Tenakee Inlet thermal spring, located north of Tenakee Village on Chichagof Island, has a measured surface temperature of 176°F (80°C). Tenakee Village has 18 springs situated along its shoreline with temperatures ranging from 86°F to 106°F (30°C–41°C). Geothermometry at Tenakee Village yields reservoir temperature estimates of 149°F–212°F (65°C–100°C). The springs appear to originate as meteoric waters that circulate along deep fractures associated with nearby fault zones (Motyka and others, 1983; Motyka and Moorman, 1987). To investigate direct-use applications, six shallow test wells were drilled at Tenakee to depths ranging from 23 to 177 feet. The deepest well produced 98°F (37°C) water at a rate of nearly 1.5 gallon per minute (Motyka and others, 1983). Water temperature and flow rate were deemed insufficient for district heating following the study; however, based on geothermometry, it remains likely that deeper wells would yield higher fluid temperature, making direct-use applications in Tenakee Village potentially viable. When considered as a whole, the southeast archipelago contains a widespread number of geothermal springs (sheet 2), including three thermal springs with discharge temperatures greater than 165°F (74°C), ten thermal springs with discharge temperatures in the range of 100°F–165°F (38°C–74°C), and two thermal springs with surface discharge temperatures greater than 69°F (21°C). In addition, six shallow wells drilled in the Tenakee region yielded an average surface discharge temperature of 99°F (37°C) (Motyka and others, 1983). RECOMMENDATIONS Geothermal resource recommendations There are numerous possibilities for direct-use applications in small villages across the southeast archipelago. There may also be sufficient geothermal resources for a low-temperature Organic Rankin Cycle (ORC) geothermal power plant similar to the one utilized to generate electrical power at Chena Hot Springs in the interior. Because success or failure at this level of development will provide needed insight on the viability of larger-scale projects, funding a direct-use pilot project or ORC project is recommended. It is recommended that the State facilitate a revised assessment aimed at expanding previously proven direct-use applications at Bell Island by drilling test wells into the geothermal Page 119 SoutheastPDF Image | FOSSIL FUEL AND GEOTHERMAL ENERGY SOURCES FOR LOCAL USE
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