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Chapter L, Yukon–Koyukuk/Upper Tanana Fossil Fuel and Geothermal Energy Sources for Local Use in Alaska include Delta Junction and Big Delta, with populations of 975 and 790, respectively. The largest community off the road system is Galena, with a current population of 610. Other sizable communities that are off the road system include Fort Yukon, McGrath, Nulato, Tanana, Huslia, and Holy Cross, with populations ranging from nearly 600 to 200. The region is characterized by upland areas underlain by igneous and metamorphic rocks, including the Hogatza plutonic belt, Kaiyuh Mountains, Kokrines–Hodzana Highlands, south flank of the Brooks Range, and the Yukon–Tanana Upland (Kirschner, 1988; Dover, 1994; Foster and others, 1994; Patton and others, 1994). Intervening areas mostly encompass broad flats, plateaus, and rolling, hilly terrain underlain by Mesozoic and younger Cenozoic sedimentary rocks deposited in a series of sedimentary basins. Mesozoic basins include the Yukon–Koyukuk and Kuskokwim, which are both filled with many thousands of feet of texturally and mineralogically immature sedimentary rocks deposited in deep marine through coastal plain settings (Kirschner, 1994; Patton and others, 1994). Sediment supplied to these basins was derived from ancient subduction zones and related volcanic arcs. The original shape and distribution of these basins was subsequently modified by strike-slip motion along a series of crustal-scale breaks, including the Tintina, Kaltag, Iditarod, and Denali–Farewell fault zones (sheet 2), and the basin-fills are highly deformed (folded and faulted). Younger Cenozoic sedimentary basins formed along these fault zones in response to strike-slip fault motion, and include a few thousand to many thousands of feet of nonmarine sedimentary rocks (sheet 2). The largest and deepest of these include the Yukon Flats and Middle Tanana (also referred to as the Nenana basin) basins, which both include at least 10,000 feet of sedimentary rocks in their deepest parts, including lignitic and bituminous coal (note that only the northwestern and eastern parts of the Middle Tanana basin are within this AEA region). The Innoko and Minchumina basins are shallower and probably only include 3,000 to 4,000 feet of nonmarine sedimentary rocks in their deepest parts (Kirschner, 1994). The Tintina trench and Ruby–Rampart trough extend as arms outward from the Yukon Flats basin along the Tintina and Kaltag fault zones, respectively, and are each filled with several thousand feet of Cenozoic nonmarine sedimentary rocks. The Kandik area north of the Tintina fault zone in east-central Alaska includes a highly deformed (folded and faulted) succession of Mesozoic-age deep-water strata similar to those filling the Yukon–Koyukuk and Kuskokwim basins to the west, and deformed older Mesozoic- and Paleozoic-age rocks similar to rocks in the Brooks Range and North Slope (Dover, 1994; Van Kooten and others, 1997? no 1996 in references). The latter rocks include the Glenn Shale, which is similar in age and composition to the Shublik Formation, a prolific oil and gas source rock on the North Slope. Mesozoic deep-water strata in this area were subjected to compressional deformation and include fold and fault structures analogous to a rumpled carpet that was torn along breaks parallel to the folds. In the deformation process, the older Mesozoic and Paleozoic rocks, including the Glenn Shale, were transported along low-angle compressional faults (thrust faults) over the younger Mesozoic deep-water sedimentary rocks. Younger strike-slip motion along the Tintina fault zone offset a segment of this fold and thrust belt to the Livengood area, north of Fairbanks (Dover, 1994). Young Cenozoic and Holocene(?) volcanic rocks cover a small percentage of the region. These rocks are generally flat- lying, undeformed, and overlie older Cenozoic, Mesozoic, and Paleozoic rocks. Cretaceous- and early Cenozoic-age plutons are widespread throughout the region and occur in older Paleozoic-age metamorphic rocks in the upland areas and in Cretaceous sedimentary rocks of the Yukon–Koyukuk and Kuskokwim basins (Miller, 1994). These plutons were significant sources of heat in the past and some continue to supply heat to low-grade geothermal systems in the region. The patchwork of metamorphic and igneous uplands, Paleozoic and early Mesozoic basin fragments, and Cretaceous and Cenozoic sedimentary basins described here are the result of a long history of colliding oceanic and continental fragments with an ever growing Alaska continental mass, and subsequent structural modification by crustal-scale strike-slip faults. This process continues to the present day with the ongoing collision between a fragment of crust in the Yakutat area and mainland Alaska. GEOLOGIC ENERGY RESOURCE POTENTIAL IN THE YUKON–KOYUKUK/ UPPER TANANA ENERGY REGION Mineable coal resource potential As explained in the discussion of requirements for mineable coal (see Chapter A), several factors must be considered when evaluating whether a coal deposit is exploitable. The most important factors include coal rank, seam thickness, ash and sulfur content, thickness of overburden, and structural attitude of the coal (bedding dip angle). The higher the coal rank, the higher its energy content (Btus per pound) and the greater its ability to provide heat. Coal rank also influences the minimum seam thickness worth exploiting. For bituminous and anthracite coal, seam thickness should be at least 14 inches, whereas lignite seams should be at least 2.5 feet thick. These thickness minimums were developed for commercial-scale mining; thinner seams could be exploited for limited local use. For open-pit surface mining to be feasible, overburden should be less than 300 feet. Low ash and sulfur contents are highly desirable, as ash reduces the amount of combustible material in a seam and sulfur can form environmentally damaging compounds when burned. Depth to groundwater and proximity to surface water bodies must also be considered when evaluating the potential of a coal deposit. Yukon–Koyukuk/Upper Tanana Page 124PDF Image | FOSSIL FUEL AND GEOTHERMAL ENERGY SOURCES FOR LOCAL USE
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