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Chapter L, Yukon–Koyukuk/Upper Tanana Fossil Fuel and Geothermal Energy Sources for Local Use in Alaska River, to the headwaters of Deepbank and Knee Deep creeks in the McGrath Quadrangle (Player, 1976; Sloan and others, 1979; LePain and others, 2003; Rao and others, 1991). Laboratory analysis of subsurface coal samples by Rao and others (1991) show that rank ranges from subbituminous-C to lignite. The ash content is low and the sulfur content is several times higher than other Alaska Tertiary coals, averaging 1.04 percent on an equilibrium moisture basis. Coal near Deepbank Creek is lower in sulfur (average sulfur content of 0.7 percent on an ash- and moisture-free basis) than coal at the Little Tonzona River (Sloan and others, 1979). The Little Tonzona field includes an identified resource of 1.5 billion short tons of coal (Merritt, 1986). The steep dips observed in outcrop, low coal rank, and high sulfur content pose challenges to any plans for exploiting coal in this area and it is unknown how much coal could be extracted using surface mining methods. Despite the fact that the coal-bearing section extends at least 3 miles along strike to the southwest, the ultimate strike extent is unknown. Similarly, the northern extent of the coal-bearing section into the Minchumina basin is unknown. If the structural dip of beds decreases northward away from the Farewell fault zone, and if this dip decrease occurs over a short distance northward from the outcrop belt, an enormous volume of coal could be present at mineable depths. The only way to answer these questions is through additional drilling. The communities of Sleetmute and McGrath are located more than 140 miles to the southwest and more than 75 miles to the northwest, respectively, from the Little Tonzona location; Donlin Creek gold prospect is more than 120 miles west of the Little Tonzona exposure. Given the cost of transportation, the Little Tonzona deposit is unlikely to economically provide energy to rural communities in the region at this time. Eastern Nenana Basin–Jarvis Creek Field. The extensive Cenozoic coal fields in the Healy area (see Chapter J) are known to extend eastward along the northern Alaska Range (Wahrhaftig and Hickcox, 1955). Three coal fields are recognized in this part of the basin: East Delta, West Delta, and Jarvis Creek, all of which are thought to correlate with the prolific Healy Creek Formation to the west (Merritt and Hawley, 1986). The Jarvis Creek Field (fig. L2) is the most promising occurrence due in part to its convenient location adjacent to the Richardson Highway. This area was an operating open pit mine during the 1960s and retains moderate to high potential for further development with measured reserves of more than 17 million short tons and hypothetical reserves of up to 500 million short tons (Clough, 1995). Additionally, considerable baseline geologic data exists for this occurrence (Belowich, 1988). At least 30 coal beds are recognized ranging from 1 to 10 feet thick with a variety of subbituminous ranks and relatively low total ash content (Belowich, 1986). The proximity of this documented resource to some of the larger populations in the region (Delta, Delta Junction, and Fort Greely) suggest further consideration of these coals as a source of local energy is warranted. Exploratory drilling would be a logical next step in evaluating and constraining existing resource estimates. Farewell–Cheeneetnuk River. Cenozoic-age coal- bearing sedimentary rocks are discontinuously exposed between the Windy Fork and Middle Fork of the Kuskokwim River, southwest of Farewell (Sloan and others, 1979; Gilbert and others, 1982; Solie and Dickey, 1982; Bundtzen and others, 1997), and along the Cheeneetnuk River, southwest of White Mountain (fig. L2; Barnes, 1967; Gilbert, 1981). This area is at the southwest end of an outcrop belt of Cenozoic- age sedimentary rocks that are locally coal-bearing that includes the Little Tonzona River deposit already described. Detailed geologic mapping of coal-bearing rocks between the Windy and Middle Forks and along the Cheeneetnuk River are provided by Dickey (1982) and Gilbert (1981), respectively. More than 5,000 feet of Tertiary-age sedimentary rocks are discontinuously exposed in high-angle fault-bounded slivers along the Farewell fault zone, between the Windy and Middle Forks of the Kuskokwim River (Dickey, 1982). Sedimentary rocks in these slivers typically include thick conglomerate and sandstone bodies (20–65 feet thick) that are separated by thicker, poorly exposed mudstone deposits (LePain and others, 2003). These mudstones are locally highly carbonaceous (carrying abundant coaly plant fragments) and include minor coal. Coals range from thin stringers tenths of an inch thick to thin seams a few inches thick. Some fault slivers include several hundred feet of clay shale, abundant siltstone, carbonaceous mudstone, and thin coal seams between sandstone and conglomerate bodies (LePain and others, 2003). Coals in these sections range from thin stringers to seams more than 1.5 feet thick, range from subbituminous-A to high-volatile C bituminous in rank, have low sulfur contents, and most have high ash contents (Solie and Dickey, 1982). The similarity between the exposures on Windy and Middle Forks suggests they are the same stratigraphic succession, but the succession exposed on the Khuchaynik River between these two drainages is quite different and does not include appreciable coal. Numerous high-angle faults mapped by Dickey (1982) between these drainages suggest the coal-bearing section has been cut out by motion along the Farewell fault zone. Bundtzen and Kline (1986) estimate 4.4 million U.S. short tons of coal are present in this area, but this volume is unproven. Given the paucity of thick, low-ash coal seams and the structural complexity, estimating the volume of coal accessible through surface mining methods is difficult. More detailed surface geologic mapping combined with stratigraphic studies of the coal-bearing section are needed and, ultimately, a program of drilling will be required to properly estimate mineable volumes with a reasonable level of confidence and to evaluate the feasibility of applying surface mining methods. The Yukon–Koyukuk/Upper Tanana Page 126PDF Image | FOSSIL FUEL AND GEOTHERMAL ENERGY SOURCES FOR LOCAL USE
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