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Fossil Fuel and Geothermal Energy Sources for Local Use in Alaska Chapter L, Yukon–Koyukuk/Upper Tanana stratigraphy of the coal-bearing sedimentary rocks are very poorly known. Before any conclusions regarding exploitation can be made, detailed geologic mapping must be carried out in selected areas where coal has been reported. Upper Koyukuk basin: Tramway Bar Field. An exposure of steeply dipping Cretaceous-age coal approximately 5 miles upstream of Tramway Bar on the Middle Fork of the Koyukuk River (fig. L2) stands out in sharp contrast to the thin coal occurrences of Cretaceous age in the western part of the Yukon–Koyukuk basin, and represents the easternmost known coal occurrence in the basin. F.C. Schrader found this exposure in 1899 (Schrader, 1904); it was subsequently described in various levels of detail by Collier (1903b), Smith and Mertie (1930), Barnes (1967), Rao and Wolff (1980) – not in references, and Kurtak and others (2002). The information summarized here is taken from Rao and Wolff (1980) and Kurtak and others (2002). The location includes three seams, one 8 inches thick, a second 3 feet thick, and a third seam 17 feet thick. Beds dip 56 degrees toward the southeast. Coal rank is high-volatile B bituminous, ash content is high (35 percent), but sulfur content is very low. The coal was reportedly used by early miners in the district for blacksmithing purposes (Kurtak and others, 2002). Rao and Wolff (1980) noted that silt bands in the coal add to the high ash content and that washing the coal could be effective in its reduction. The lateral extent of the deposit is poorly known, although Kurtak and others (2002) suggest an inferred coal resource of 18,000 short tons. Detailed geologic mapping and subsequent drilling would help establish the lateral extent of this deposit and could yield information on additional coal seams and its true resource potential. Western Yukon Flats. The Yukon Flats basin (sheet 2) is likely underlain by extensive Late Cretaceous(?) and Cenozoic coal-bearing strata, although confirmation to date is limited to one well near Fort Yukon (Clark and others, 2009) and scattered surface exposures limited to the western basin margin. The most notable occurrences are in the Fort Hamlin Hills area, particularly along the Ray, Hodzana, and Dall River valleys and their tributaries (fig. L3; Mendenhall, 1902). Although most occurrences are rubble or float, one seam along Coal Creek is 18 feet thick and constrained as Eocene based on a K-Ar date (Barker, 1981). Although outcrops are limited, available analyses indicate coals are Cenozoic in age and range from high- grade lignite to subbituminous B and C with heating values between 9,000 and 12,000 Btu (Barker, 1981). Most samples are low sulfur and have modest levels of ash (6–10 percent), although a few samples yielded greater than 20 percent ash (Barker, 2006). Due to poor exposures, the distribution and structural relationship of these various coal seams is not well constrained. Nevertheless, most outcrops are gently dipping and the coal-bearing zones are inferred to be broken up into a series of grabens (Barker, 2006). Aspects of these occurrences appear promising for future exploration, however the lack of nearby villages makes this an unlikely future source of rural energy. Eagle Field and Tintina Trench. A belt of Cenozoic and Cretaceous(?) coal-bearing sediments occur along the trace of the Tintina fault (sheet 2 and fig. L2). The nature of this sedimentary basin and its full extent and age are not well known, though it is likely controlled by motion along the Tintina Fault. The most notable occurrence is along Washington Creek, where seams up to 5.5 feet thick were mined for steamships on the Yukon River (Collier, 1903a, b). The coals reportedly range from lignite to subbituminous C, possess low sulfur, and have a heat content ranging from 6,100 to 9,100 Btu/lb (Merritt, 1986). Bedding orientations are sparse although 35°–45° dips appear common and indicate mining would likely require significant excavation or underground operations. The location of these coals is far removed from settlements and infrastructure; the village of Eagle is approximately 40 miles away. Nation River area. An enigmatic coal occurs along the Nation River, just upstream from its confluence with the Yukon River (fig. L2). This coal, first reported by Collier (1903a), was briefly mined for local steamship use and appears to be confined to sheared pods up to 8 feet thick, likely in a fault zone (Merritt, 1988). Although most reports suggest the coal is probably Cretaceous or Cenozoic in age, the high sulfur content (~3 percent), bituminous grade, and high heat content (10,900–11,500 Btu/lb) may suggest the coal is actually Paleozoic. The limited lateral extent, steep dips, and remoteness of this occurrence make it an unlikely candidate for further exploitation. Chicken Field. An isolated subbituminous coal bed occurs near the community of Chicken (fig. L2; Barnes, 1967). Although little is known about this occurrence, it is anomalously thick—at least 22 feet—and the top and bottom were not observed (Mertie, 1930). The location near a rural population is promising. However, the lack of surface exposures limits speculation on the extent of this resource. The vertical orientation of the bed is problematic and significantly reduces the amount of readily accessible resource. Conventional oil and gas resource potential As explained in the discussion of requirements for exploitable oil and gas resources (see Chapter A), functioning petroleum systems occur in thick sedimentary basins, and consist of three basic elements: Effective source rocks, reservoirs, and traps. Each of the elements must be in existence and connected at the time hydrocarbons are generated. This section considers each of these necessary elements of petroleum systems in turn to evaluate whether conventional oil and gas resources may exist as an exploitable resource in the Yukon–Koyukuk/Upper Tanana Energy Region. Large areas in the region are underlain by crystalline rocks that have no (or very little) petroleum potential Page 129 Yukon–Koyukuk/Upper TananaPDF Image | FOSSIL FUEL AND GEOTHERMAL ENERGY SOURCES FOR LOCAL USE
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