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Fossil Fuel and Geothermal Energy Sources for Local Use in Alaska Chapter L, Yukon–Koyukuk/Upper Tanana (Reifenstuhl, 2006). These measurements were obtained from sandstones that have been subjected to deformation along major fault zones and it is unclear whether they are representative of porosity and permeability values in the subsurface. Similar-appearing tightly cemented sandstones are present in outcrop in fault slivers along the Farewell fault zone south of McGrath, yet a short distance farther southwest near White Mountain, along the same fault zone, sandstones are poorly cemented and appear to have significant porosity and permeability. These variations in degree of cementation suggest porous and permeable sandstones are probably present in the subsurface of the Yukon Flats and Middle Tanana basins. Little is known about the reservoir quality of Paleozoic carbonates in the Kandik region, although the occurrence of bitumen in some outcrops and reports of vug and fracture porosity in Canadian equivalents to the east (Hannigan and others, 2000) suggest further analysis may be warranted. The reservoir quality of Mesozoic-age sandstones in the region are poorly known, but they are probably comparable to similar age sandstones in the Yukon– Koyukuk basin, where they are typically tightly cemented and characterized by low porosities and permeabilities. Traps. The Yukon–Koyukuk/Upper Tanana Energy Region has undergone several episodes of deformation related to various collisional processes (Dover, 1994; Foster and others, 1994; Patton and others, 1994). Complex folds and faults recognized in sedimentary rocks of the Yukon– Koyukuk, Kuskokwim, and younger Cenozoic basins suggest that structural traps for oil and gas are present in the subsurface of these basins. Stratigraphic traps associated with pinchouts of coarse-grained sandstones within shaley and silty horizons are also most likely present. Traps formed by erosional truncation of sandstones beneath major erosion surfaces (unconformities) can also be expected. Low permeability shales and siltstones are common in Cretaceous and Tertiary successions in the region and are probably capable of sealing hydrocarbons accumulated in traps. The complex structural history of these basins decreases the likelihood of large, unbreached traps. Similarly, in the Kandik Basin (northeastern part of the region), the compound structural evolution involving contraction, extension, and strike-slip faulting (Van Kooten and others, 1997) decreases the probability of large, unbreached traps. Summary of conventional oil and gas potential. Patton (1970) concluded the Cretaceous-age section filling the Yukon–Koyukuk basin in the western and central parts of the region was low. A review of similar rock to the south by Mull and others (1995) reached a similar conclusion based on the tightly cemented potential reservoirs, complex deformation, and poor source-rock characteristics. In contrast, of all the Cenozoic sedimentary basins in the region, the Yukon Flats and Middle Tanana basins have the best potential to host conventional hydrocarbons. These basins are filled with thick sections of sedimentary rocks, including coal and carbonaceous mudstone that, under the right geologic conditions, can be very good source rocks for gas. Stanley and others (1990) suggest that these lithologies may also have potential to generate liquid hydrocarbons in the Middle Nenana basin. The U.S. Geological Survey recently evaluated the petroleum potential of the Yukon Flats basin and concluded, based on a thorough review of available data, that the basin probably has technically recoverable oil and gas resources (Stanley and others, 2004). The Middle Tanana basin includes geologic elements similar to those of the Yukon Flats basin, suggesting that it, too, may include technically recoverable oil and gas resources. The remaining Tertiary- age sedimentary basins in the region (Galena and Innoko) are probably too shallow to support functioning conventional petroleum systems. Although the Kandik region remains only lightly explored, its excellent source-rock characteristics suggest further potential exists for oil and gas prospects. Unconventional oil and gas resource potential Coalbed methane. As explained in the discussion of requirements for coalbed methane, shalebed gas, and gas hydrates (see Chapter A), several factors must be considered when evaluating whether a basin has unconventional oil and gas potential. Most importantly, suitable thicknesses of coal of the appropriate rank or source rocks capable of generating gas must be present in a sedimentary basin. These rocks must then have experienced a suitable geologic history in order to generate petroleum. For the same reasons outlined in the previous section, the unconventional oil and gas potential of Cretaceous-age rocks in the Yukon–Koyukuk and Kuskokwim basins is very low. The presence of a thick, coal-bearing section between the Little Tonzona River and Deepbank Creek in the western Talkeetna and eastern McGrath quadrangles suggests that the southern part of the Minchumina basin may have some coalbed methane potential. The rank of coal in this area may be too low (some subbituminous coal, but mostly lignitic) and it is unclear if suitable cleats (fractures) have developed in the coal seams. Exploring for these resources will be very expensive and involve significant risk of failure. The likely presence of thick coal- and carbonaceous-mudstone-bearing sections in the Yukon Flats and Middle Tanana basins indicates that these basins possess some potential for coalbed methane. Tyler and others (2000) arrived at a similar conclusion after examining the coalbed methane potential of coal-bearing strata throughout the state. In the Yukon Flats basin, a multi-agency study of the coalbed methane potential included a local seismic survey (Miller and others, 2002) and a single shallow test well near the village of Fort Yukon (Clark and others, 2009). The well successfully documented the presence of Cenozoic coals as well as methane, although the gas saturation level was low. In addition, the lignite-grade host rock would not have well-developed natural cleating, giving rise to a need for Page 131 Yukon–Koyukuk/Upper TananaPDF Image | FOSSIL FUEL AND GEOTHERMAL ENERGY SOURCES FOR LOCAL USE
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