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Chapter L, Yukon–Koyukuk/Upper Tanana Fossil Fuel and Geothermal Energy Sources for Local Use in Alaska substantial mechanical stimulation and dense well spacing to recover this gas for local needs. The Yukon Flats basin is believed to be up to 8 kilometers thick (Phillips and Saltus, 2005); it remains possible that a deeper well may encounter more thermally mature methane-bearing coals. Most of the thick coals in the Middle Tanana basin are subbituminous, leading to moderate coalbed methane potential, especially in the deeper parts of the basin. The long history of coal mining and intermittent outcrops along the southern margin of the basin provide modest constraints on the geology of the region (Wahrhaftig and others, 1994). Although the results are not yet available, a recent exploration well, only the third in the basin, should shed light on the subsurface stratigraphy and provide new insight on the potential of this basin for unconvential coalbed methane production. The thick mantle of poorly consolidated Nenana Gravel deposits would complicate drilling efforts and is at least partly responsible for the lack of exploration to date (Peapples, 2004). If an adequate resource is documented in the Middle Tanana basin, it may prove a viable source of energy to several population centers in the eastern part of the basin such as Big Delta, Delta Junction, and Fort Greely. The relative proximity to transportation infrastructure (rail and highways) may also benefit future exploration and/or development. Tight gas sands. Tightly cemented Cretaceous-age sandstones in the Yukon–Koyukuk basin could serve as reservoirs for gas under the right geologic conditions (see Chapter A). The apparent absence of potential source rocks throughout the region suggests that the potential for tight gas sands is very low. Organic-rich source rocks in the Kandik basin could have provided gas to tight sand reservoirs, although available data on reservoir quality are limited. The tight gas sand potential of the Middle Tanana and Yukon Flats basins are unknown. Shale gas. The shalebed gas potential for most of the region is unknown, but is regarded here as very low. One possible exception is the Kandik basin in the northeastern part of the region where organic-rich, thermally mature source rocks have been recognized (Howell, 1996). Gas hydrates. The main occurrences of gas hydrates in nature are in modern marine sediments and in arctic regions with well-developed, continuous permafrost. Permafrost is not well developed in the Yukon–Koyukuk/Upper Tanana Energy Region and, where locally present, is discontinuous. Consequently, the potential for economic concentrations of gas hydrates in the region is low. Geothermal resource potential Numerous hot springs are known throughout the region (sheet 2; Gassaway and Abramson, 1977; Motyka and others, 1983) and most are at least spatially associated with granitic plutons (Miller and others, 1973). Most hot springs in the region either lack surface evidence of sufficient fluid movement and/or do not have sufficiently hot enough water to warrant further consideration as a potential energy resource (see Chapter A). Several notable exceptions include the following sites: South hot springs (water temperature 153°F [67°C] and flow rate 357 gallons per minute), Upper Division hot springs (water temperature 154°F [68°C] and flow rate 217 gallons per minute), Lower Division hot springs (water temperature 133°F [56°C] and flow rate 547 gallons per minute), Kilo hot springs (water temperature 126°F [52°C] and flow rate 264 gallons per minute), and Manley Hot Springs (water temperature 138°F [59°C] and flow rate 375 gallons per minute). With the exception of Manley, all of these hot springs are located significant distances from rural communities. The community of Manley is essentially located at Manley Hot Springs, which includes a high enough flow rate of high-temperature water to warrant further consideration of the resource for local energy. RECOMMENDATIONS Coal resources recommendations Many coal occurrences are known throughout the Yukon–Koyukuk/Upper Tanana Energy Region, but only the accumulations near the Little Tonzona River and in the eastern Nenana–Jarvis Creek areas stand out as clearly including substantial volumes of coal. Drilling in the Little Tonzona field in the 1980s failed to establish the strike extent (parallel to the Alaska Range mountain front) and dip extent (northward into the Minchumina basin) of the coal-bearing section. Exploratory drilling in the eastern Nenana–Jarvis Creek area may be warranted, particularly in the Jarvis Creek field. The proximity of this field to communities along the Richardson Highway suggests these resources are a potentially viable source for local energy. Conventional oil and gas recommendations The best potential for conventional oil and gas in the Yukon–Koyuk/Upper Tanana energy region lies in the Middle Tanana, Yukon Flats, and Kandik basins. Thick, coal- bearing sections similar to those seen in outcrop around the perimeter of the first two basins are thought to be present in the subsurface of the Middle Tanana and Yukon Flats basins, and mature oil-prone source rocks are known to be present in the Kandik basin. The petroleum industry has expressed only moderate interest in exploring these basins. The Nenana basin (adjacent to Middle Tanana basin) is currently being explored under State-issued exploration license, although the results of recent exploratory drilling west of Nenana are not publicly available. Collectively, these basins remain underexplored, and insufficient data are available to predict the role these frontier basins may play in supplying energy to the region. New geologic mapping and associated field studies along the margins of these basins would provide much-needed constraints on the framework geology and hydrocarbon prospectivity. Additionally, the collection of high-resolution gravity and aeromagnetic surveys in key areas might yield Yukon–Koyukuk/Upper Tanana Page 132PDF Image | FOSSIL FUEL AND GEOTHERMAL ENERGY SOURCES FOR LOCAL USE
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