FOSSIL FUEL AND GEOTHERMAL ENERGY SOURCES FOR LOCAL USE

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FOSSIL FUEL AND GEOTHERMAL ENERGY SOURCES FOR LOCAL USE ( fossil-fuel-and-geothermal-energy-sources-for-local-use )

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Fossil Fuel and Geothermal Energy Sources for Local Use in Alaska Glossary Glossary This glossary is intended to provide brief, non-technical definitions of terms or concepts used in this report. Except where noted, definitions are from the American Geological Institute’s Dictionary of Geological Terms, 5th Edition (2005). Terms in Red Small CapS refer to geologic time; Appendix 1 contains a simplified graphic representation of the geologic time scale. A note regarding geologic time references in literature: With the possible exception of hydrothermal resources, all of the geologic resources that we use for energy were formed by Earth processes that occurred thousands to millions of years ago. Defining when an event occurred is a significant component of geologic research, particularly in areas of limited data, because geologic events follow known patterns of progression. Dating materials found in surface exposures and rock cores allows geologists to understand the sequence of events that led to the development of a particular resource, and then make educated inferences and predictions about its thickness and lateral extent. accretionary prism—A generally wedge-shaped mass of tectonically deformed sediment at a convergent plate boundary formed when sediment and volcanic material are scraped off the downgoing plate during the process of subduction. alteration—Any change in the mineralogic composition of a rock brought about by physical or chemical means, especially by the interaction of minerals with fluids passing through the rock. Excessive diagenetic alteration can compromise reservoir quality by filling the critical pore space into which hydrocarbons need to migrate. anticline—A fold, generally convex upward, whose core contains the stratigraphically older rocks. arc—See ‘volcanic arc’ basalt—A general term for a dark-colored, fine-grained igneous rock composed of iron- and magnesium-rich silicate minerals. Basalts commonly represent cooled (solidified) lava flows. biogenic gas—Coal or shale gas that is generated by the action of bacteria on the organic-rich rock. Biogenic gas is formed at shallow depths and low temperatures by anaerobic bacterial decomposition of sedimentary organic matter. Btu—The term used to describe the heating value (energy content) of fuels, including natural gas and coal, defined as the amount of energy needed to heat 1 pound (454 grams; 0.1198 U.S. gallons; 454 milliliters) of water from 39°F to 40°F (3.8°C to 4.4°C). Cambrian—The oldest period of the PaleozoiC era of the geologic time scale, spanning between 542 million and 488.3 million years ago. carbonate—A sediment formed by the biotic or abiotic precipitation from aqueous solution of carbonates of calcium, magnesium, or iron; for example, limestone and dolomite. Carboniferous—a Period of the PaleozoiC era of the geologic time scale, spanning between 318 million and 299 million years ago. cataclastic—Structures produced in a rock as a result of severe mechanical stress; characteristic features include the bending, breaking, and granulation of the minerals. CenozoiC—The youngest of ten eras into which geologic time is subdivided. It extends from 65 million years ago to the present and occurs after the mesozoiC era. The CenozoiC era is subdivided into the Quaternary and tertiary periods. The Quaternary period is subdivided into the holoCene and the PleistoCene epochs. The tertiary period is divided into the neogene and Paleogene subperiods, which are further subdivided into the PlioCene, mioCene, oligoCene, eoCene, and PaleoCene epochs. The CenozoiC era is also known as the ‘Age of Mammals’, because the extinction of dinosaurs that marks the transition from the mesozoiC to the CenozoiC era allowed mammals to greatly diversify. The study of CenozoiC geology is an important part of energy resource development because many of Alaska’s modern mountain ranges were built during CenozoiC time and the resultant sedimentary rocks are locally sources for coal and hosts to oil and gas reserves. charge (gas charge or oil charge)—The process of a reservoir filling up with hydrocarbons (oil or gas). cinder cone—A conical-shaped hill centered around a volcanic vent formed by volcanic rock fragments ejected from a volcanic vent. Many cinder cones have a bowl- shaped summit crater. cleats—Fractures in most coal seams that form under tectonic stress during the coalification process. There are two types: butt cleats and face cleats, which occur at nearly right angles to each other and provide both permeability and gas pathways within coalbed methane reservoirs. clinker—As used in this publication, clinker refers to sandstone, siltstone, and shale beds that have been heated, baked and melted by nearby burned coal seams. Clinker is commonly red-orange in color, hard, and brittle. The term “clink” is derived from the sound made when the burned rocks are struck by a rock hammer or walked on. This definition differs from that provided by the American Geological Institute, which defines clinker as coal that has been baked by igneous intrusion and as the vitreous slaggy mass of coal ash. coalbed methane—A clean-burning fuel that forms within the matrix of coal seams, which serve as both the Page 139 Appendix II

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