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Glossary Fossil Fuel and Geothermal Energy Sources for Local Use in Alaska finer-grained sediment (silt and clay); they are most often fresh water. lava flow—Outpouring of molten lava from a vent or fissure onto the Earth’s surface. maturation—The process of a source rock becoming capable of generating oil or gas when exposed to appropriate pressures and temperatures. The maturity of a source rock reflects the ambient pressure and temperature as well as the duration of conditions favorable for hydrocarbon generation (Schlumberger, 2012). mesozoiC—The second youngest of ten eras into which geologic time is subdivided. It extends from 251 million years ago, the end of the PaleozoiC era, to 65 million years ago. The mesozoiC is subdivided into the CretaCeous, JurassiC, and triassiC periods. It is often called the ‘Age of Dinosaurs’ because dinosaurs were the dominant vertebrates of the time. mesozoiC rocks occur throughout Alaska but are particularly dominant on the North Slope and in Southwest Alaska. Much of Alaska’s oil and gas is generated by mesozoiC sedimentary rocks and Cretaceous rocks on the North Slope host globally significant volumes of coal. metamorphic rock—Rocks derived from preexisting rocks through physical and chemical changes that take place in the solid state. Metamorphic rocks form in response to changes in temperature, pressure, stress, and chemical conditions at depth beneath earth’s surface. One of the three main classes of rock. migration—The movement of hydrocarbons from their source into reservoir rocks. Migration typically occurs from a structurally low area to a higher area because of the relative buoyancy of hydrocarbons in comparison to the surrounding rock. Migration can be local or can occur along distances of hundreds of kilometers in large sedimentary basins, and is critical to the formation of a viable petroleum system (Schlumberger, 2012). mioCene—An epoch of the tertiary period of the geologic time scale. It is set within the neogene subperiod, between 5.3 million and 23 million years ago. mississiPPian—The older subperiod of the Carboniferous period of the geologic time scale, spanning between 359 million and 318 million years ago. mudlog—Graphical representation of the drilling rate, rock type (lithology), hydrocarbon shows, and other drilling parameters prepared by a mudlogger. The rock type is determined by the mudlogger through examination of rock cuttings generated by a drill bit and transported to the earth’s surface by circulating drilling mud. mud pot—A type of hot spring containing boiling mud, usually sulfurous and often multicolored; commonly associated with geysers and other hot springs in volcanic areas. neogene— The younger subperiod of the tertiary period of the geologic time scale, spanning between 23 million and 2.6 million years ago. normal fault—A type of fault typically associated with extension, or the pulling apart of the crust. oligoCene—An epoch of the tertiary period of the geologic time scale. It is set within the Paleogene subperiod, spanning between 34 million and 23 million years ago. onlap—Progressive overlap of successively younger sedimentary deposits in which each younger bed extends some distance beyond, commonly landward, the underlying bed. ordoviCian—A period of the PaleozoiC era of the geologic time scale, spanning between 488.3 million and 433.7 million years ago. PaleoCene—The oldest epoch of the tertiary period of the geologic time scale. It occurs within the Paleogene subperiod, between 65 million and 53 million years ago. Paleogene—The older subperiod in the tertiary period of the geologic time scale, spanning between 65 million and 23 million years ago. PaleozoiC—The third youngest of ten eras into which geologic time is subdivided. It extends from 542 million years ago to 251 million years ago, the beginning of the mesozoiC era. The PaleozoiC era is subdivided into six periods: Permian, Carboniferous, devonian, silurian, ordoviCian, and Cambrian. The Carboniferous period is further subdivided into the Pennsylvanian and mississiPPian subperiods. The opening of the PaleozoiC era corresponds to a major profusion of multicellular life forms. From a resource perspective, the most important Paleozoic sedimentary rocks in Alaska occur in east- central Alaska, across the Brooks Range, and in the North Slope subsurface. Pennsylvanian—The younger subperiod of the Carboniferous period of the geologic time scale, spanning the period between 318 million and 299 million years ago. Permian—The youngest period of the PaleozoiC era of the geologic time scale, spanning between 299 million and 251 million years ago. petroleum system—The components that are necessary for a hydrocarbon accumulation, including an organic-rich source rock, thermal maturation, migration pathway, reservoir rock, trap, and seal. These elements and processes must all be present and occur with appropriate relative timing for oil and gas to be generated and stored. plate—A rigid, relatively thin segment of the Earth’s outermost shell. This shell is divided into seven major segments, or plates, that move relative to each other. Each plate is bounded by a seismic (active faulting and earthquakes) zone. PleistoCene—The older epoch of the Quaternary period, spanning between 2.6 million and 11,500 years ago. PlioCene—The most recent epoch of the tertiary period of the geologic time scale. It is set within the neogene subperiod, between 5.3 million and 2.6 million years ago. Appendix II Page 142PDF Image | FOSSIL FUEL AND GEOTHERMAL ENERGY SOURCES FOR LOCAL USE
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