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Fossil Fuel and Geothermal Energy Sources for Local Use in Alaska Glossary pluton—A large, irregularly-shaped body of crystalline igneous rock that cooled slowly from a molten state after intruding preexisting rocks. PreCambrian—Describes the large span of time in Earth’s history before the Cambrian period of the geologic time scale. It is a generalized term used to encompass the time between 4.5 billion years ago and 542 million years ago. The majority of PreCambrian rocks in Alaska have been been metamorphosed during very deep burial and thus no long have potential to host oil and gas resources. Quaternary—The youngest period of the CenozoiC era of the geologic time scale, spanning between 2.6 million years ago and the present. The Quaternary period is often remembered as both the ‘the age of man’ and ‘the ice age.’ The climate was one of periodic glaciations with continental glaciers covering much of North America. Alaska’s modern landscape was significantly shaped by Quaternary glacial activity. reservoir—A subsurface body of rock having sufficient porosity and permeability to store and transmit fluids. Sedimentary rocks are the most common reservoir rocks because they have more porosity than most igneous and metamorphic rocks and form under temperature conditions at which hydrocarbons can be preserved. A reservoir is a critical component of a complete petroleum system (Schlumberger, 2012). reverse fault—A type of fault, typically dipping greater than 45 degrees, associated with compression in the crust. seal—A relatively impermeable rock, commonly shale, anhydrite, or salt, that forms a barrier or cap above and around reservoir rock such that fluids cannot migrate beyond the reservoir. A seal is a critical component of a complete petroleum system (Schlumberger, 2012). sedimentary rock—A layered rock formed through the consolidation of sediment or from the consolidation of material precipitated from surface water bodies. Examples of the former include sandstone and claystone. Examples of the latter include salt and other types of evaporate deposits. One of the three main classes of rock. sedimentary basin—A low area on the surface of Earth’s crust in which sediment accumulates over long timespans. shale gas—Natural gas that is trapped within a very-fine- grained, organic-rich rock. In contrast with conventional reservoirs, shale gas is typically produced from rocks with very low permeability and porosity, which require artificial well stimulation (see ‘hydraulic fracturing’) to promote higher flow rates. silurian—A period of the PaleozoiC era of the geologic time scale, spanning between 433.7 million and 416 million years ago. source rock—A rock rich in organic matter which, if heated sufficiently, will generate oil or gas. Typical source rocks, usually shales or limestones, contain about 1 percent organic matter and at least 0.5 percent total organic carbon (TOC), although a rich source rock might have as much as 10 percent organic matter. Rocks of marine origin tend to be oil-prone, whereas terrestrial source rocks (such as coal) tend to be gas-prone. Preservation of organic matter without degradation is critical to creating a good source rock, and necessary for a complete petroleum system. Under the right conditions, source rocks may also be reservoir rocks, as in the case of shale gas reservoirs (Schlumberger, 2012). stratigraphic—Pertaining to stratigraphy, which is the subdiscipline in geology concerned with the characteristics and attributes of stratified (layered) rock. Stratigraphers are geologists that specialize in studying the geographic distribution and sequence of strata in a region. stripping ratio—The amount of waste (non-economic) rock that must be removed to produce a unit of coal. stock—An igneous intrusion, usually discordant with surrounding rock, that is less than 40 square miles in surface exposure. strike-slip—The component of slip that is parallel to the strike of a fault. structural thinning—Thinning of a rock body because of deformation, commonly associated with the removal of material due to faulting. subduction zone—A long, narrow, curvilinear zone in which one plate slides beneath an adjacent plate. Volcanic arcs typically develop on the upper (overriding) plate in response to melting of the downgoing (subducting) plate at depth. The resulting magma is buoyant and rises to the earth’s surface, where it erupts and forms volcanoes. The present-day south-central and southwestern margin of Alaska is bounded offshore by the Aleutian subduction zone. Modern volcanoes in south-central and southwestern Alaska formed as result of subduction of the Pacific plate beneath the North American plate. subsidence—The settling or sinking of the land surface over long time periods; continued deposition of sediments in areas of subsidence eventually creates a sedimentary basin. syncline—A fold, the core of which contains the stratigraphically younger rocks; it is generally concave upward. tectonics—A branch of geology dealing with the major structural or deformation features in the outer layer of the earth, and their origin, spatial relations, and evolution through time. tertiary—The older period of the CenozoiC era of the geologic time scale, covering the time span between 65 million and 2.6 million years ago. Mammals, birds, grasses, and flowering plants thrived during tertiary time. The early tertiary global climate was primarily tropical or sub-tropical but gradually cooled as time progressed. 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