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Glossary Fossil Fuel and Geothermal Energy Sources for Local Use in Alaska Many of Alaska’s largest coal fields developed during the tertiary period. The tertiary period is subdivided into the neogene and Paleogene subperiods, which are further subdivided into the PlioCene, mioCene, oligoCene, eoCene, and PaloeCene epochs. terrane—A fault-bounded crustal block with geologic characteristics that are distinctly different from neighboring terranes. Alaska has been subdivided into a number of terranes, reflecting the region’s complex geologic history. thermal maturity—The degree of heating of a source rock in the process of transforming kerogen into hydrocarbon. thermochronology—The study of the thermal evolution of a region using various radiometric dating methods. thermogenic gas—The thermal cracking of sedimentary organic matter into hydrocarbon gas. The formation of thermogenic gas requires relatively deep depths and sufficient geologic time to generate hydrocarbon gas and liquids (in contrast see ‘biogenic gas’). thrust fault—A type of fault with a dip of less than 45 degrees that is associated with compression in the crust. tight gas resources—Hydrocarbons present in low- permeability reservoirs (tight gas sands) that produce mainly dry gas (natural gas that occurs in the absence of liquid hydrocarbons). Tight gas resources require massive reservoir stimulation to create permeable conduits or dewatering to promote the relative permeability of gas. trap—A configuration of rocks suitable for containing hydrocarbons and sealed by a relatively impermeable formation through which hydrocarbons will not migrate. Traps are described as structural traps (in deformed strata such as folds and faults) or stratigraphic traps (in areas where rock types change, such as unconformities, pinch-outs and reefs). A trap is an essential component of a petroleum system. triassiC—The oldest period of the mesozoiC era of the geologic time scale, covering the time span between 251 million and 200 million years ago. unconformity—A break or gap in the geologic record. Expressed locally as a break in the normal sedimentary succession. unconventional oil and gas resources—Hydrocarbons that may require massive reservoir stimulation to create permeable conduits (tight gas sands, shale oil, and shale gas), thermal or chemical treatments to reduce oil viscosity (heavy oil and tar sands), or dewatering to promote the relative permeability of gas (coalbed methane). The volume of unconventional oil and gas resources considerably exceeds the amount of conventional oil and gas reserves, but are much more difficult and expensive to develop. volcanic arc—The curvilinear chain of volcanoes that form in the overriding tectonoic plate above subduction zones. The present-day Aleutian Islands and the onshore continuation along the Alaska Peninsula and the west side of Cook Inlet are an example of a volcanic arc. volcanic rocks—Igneous rocks erupted from a volcano that have reached or nearly reached the Earth’s surface before solidifying. volcaniclastic—Clastic rocks consisting of volcanic material, regardless of origin, in which the rock particles were derived from pre-existing volcanic rocks. weight percent—A measurement of the quantity of organic carbon (or Total Organic Carbon, TOC) present in a rock, reported in weight percent (wt.%) carbon. For example, 1.0 wt.% carbon means that in 100 grams of rock sample there is 1 gram of organic carbon. Source: Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources website, http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/topogeo/ econresource/oilandgas/marcellus/sourcerock_index/ sourcerock_quanity/index.htm OTHER REFERENCES Collett, T.S., 2004, Gas hydrates as a future energy resource: Geotimes, v. 49, no. 11, p. 24–27. Neuendorf, Klaus K.E., Mehl, James P., Jr., and Jackson, Julia A., eds., 2005, Glossary of Geology, Fifth Edition: Alexandria, Virginia, American Geological Institute, 779 p. Schlumberger, Limited, 2012, The oilfield glossary: http:// www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com Wood, G.H., Jr., Kehn, T.M., Carter, M.D., and Culbertson, W.C., 1983, Coal resource classification system of the U.S. Geological Survey: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 891, 65 p. http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/c891/ Appendix II Page 144PDF Image | FOSSIL FUEL AND GEOTHERMAL ENERGY SOURCES FOR LOCAL USE
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