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6th International Ege Energy Symposium & Exhibition Oral Presentations 1 INTRODUCTION Solar energy has become a very popular energy source due to its simple implementation and use in rural areas. However since the prices of photovoltaic panels that converts the sunlight to electricity are high, the size of the system must be determined accurately before usage and the energy outputs of the system must be maximized [1,2]. It was shown theoretically and practically that if the photovoltaic panels track the sun, electricity generations of the panels should be increased, considerably. Sun tracking systems consist of mechanical system, electrical system or control unit and sensors, in general. There are a number of studies that is related about solar trackers in the literature. Some of these studies should be summarized as below: Tang and Yu and Sefa et al. proposed single axis sun tracking systems [3,4]. It these studies azimuth angle was altered whereas the tilt angle is taken constant. Such tracking systems require only one driving motor improve the utilization of the available solar radiation, considerably. On the other hand since the tracking is on one direction they are not the powerful systems for tracking. Two axis sun tracking systems follow the sun by altering both the tilt and azimuth angles. Therefore much more sensible tracking should be assured by such way. The trackers proposed by [5-7] should be good examples for two axis solar tracking systems. However, since these trackers contain more moving parts they are more complex and expensive than single-axis tracking systems. It was shown that two-axis sun tracking systems can maximize the energy output of photovoltaic panels by aligning the normal to the solar panels in the direction of the sunbeams. Therefore such trackers are more effective than single axis trackers. It was shown that the energy conversion efficiency increases considerably when a sun tracker is used. This increase is much more effective in early morning and late evening hours. The amount of efficiency should be increased up to 50 % in case of two axis trackers used. There are also some studies that are performed to increase the efficiency by developing different algorithms [8,9]. should be good examples for such studies. The difference in the energy conversion efficiency is substantial in the early morning and the late evening hours. The studies deal with the single- and dual-axis tracing systems are reported in [3-7]. According to these studies it is possible to increase the efficiency from 20 % to 50 % in case of tracker usage when compared to those PV systems without the sun tracking. The authors in [10] deal with a tracking system that consists of four solar modules installed on the rotor of a DC motor. The rotor is mechanically balanced to reach an optimal position at noon in cloudy conditions. The primary aim of this article is the cost analysis of the energy produced in the discussed system. There exist two kinds of tracking systems, the closed-loop open-loop control systems. The closed-loop systems use photo sensors and feedback controllers to position the PV panels [10]. In cases of changing weather the closed-loop controlled systems can spend more energy than they gain, which is due to the permanent changes in the azimuth and tilt angles. The open-loop systems mentioned in [11] are based on different mathematic algorithms that can be applied for off-line calculation of the sun tracking systems trajectories. The calculation of these trajectories is based on the relative position of the sun which can be precisely calculated for any time and any location on the Earth [12,13]. There exist hybrid control systems, besides [14]. In this paper a two axis solar tracking system built at Afyon Kocatepe University, Turkey is introduced. The difference of this system than the others is its adaptive tracking ability. The tracking method should be easily changed online via internet connection. Therefore it is possible to test different tracking algorithms, easily. The system consist of a mechanical part, control system, servo motors, platforms for Photovoltaic (Pv) and Pv panels. The system components are introduced in Section 2. The control system and algorithm is presented in Section 3. The tracking 28-30 June 2012, Izmir Turkey 519PDF Image | IEESE EGE Energy Exhibition
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