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Extended Abstract Solar, biomass and geothermal energy considered as renewable and clean energy sources, and industrial waste heat could potentially cover the world electricity demand. Unfortunately, conventional power generation techniques cannot efficiently convert the low temperature heat generated from these sources into electrical power. Hence, large amount of low temperature heat is simply wasted. In this context, research on low-grade heat conversion for power generation is of great significance. Thermodynamic cycles such as the organic Rankine cycle (ORC), transcritical Rankine cycle, supercritical Rankine cycle, Kalina cycle (KC), Uehara cycle (UC), Goswami cycle (GC), and trilateral flash cycle (TFC) have been proposed, evaluated and compared for the conversion of low-grade heat sources into electricity. Among the proposed solutions, the organic Rankine cycle is the most widely investigated and implemented. This cycle involves the same components as in a conventional steam power plant, but uses refrigerants, hydrocarbons, solvents and other organic compounds as working fluid instead of water. It is worth to mention that organic fluids compared to water have lower boiling temperature, what results in a reduced evaporating temperature. The growing concern over the future depletion of the fossil fuels reserves and the destruction of the environment have pushed governments, industries and researchers to intensify the R&D on low-grade energy recovery technologies with emphasis on the ORC technology. This explains the intense activity observed in this field during last ten years. The ORC technology presents many features: adaptability to various heat sources proven technology with great maturity less complex and less maintenance possibility of small scales distributed generation system low investment and maintenance costs good market availability and well known market suppliers Nevertheless, the ORC solutions available on the market are designed to produce power from a hundred of kW up to few MW, and a very limited number of solutions can be found for small scale systems of few kW. Therefore, there is still room for research on small scale ORC systems. This justifies the will to focus on small scale Organic Rankine Cycles in the two philosophies that embody their applications in the present thesis. In the first part of the thesis, major power cycles, including vapor and gas cycles are recalled to highlight their differences. Then, advanced Rankine cycles and its derivates that are Kalina and Uehara cycles are presented. All over the development stages of Rankine cycles, the preoccupation has always been the maximization of the energy efficiency. Several techniques could be employed to increase the cycle performance: regenerator, feedliquid heaters, superheater, reheater and evaporation above the critical point. Fluid mixtures such as ammonia/water are also used in absorption cycles such as Kalina and Page | 9PDF Image | Low-Grade Heat Conversion into Power Using Small Scale Organic Rankine Cycles
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