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Uehara cycles with as benefit better performance of heat exchangers that leads to overall improvement of the system. The second part is a review of Organic Rankine Cycle applications. These applications include solar thermal electricity, solar thermal driven reverse osmosis desalination (Solar ORC-RO), Duplex-Rankine cooling, solar pond power systems, ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC), biomass combined heat and power plants (CHP), binary geothermal systems and low-grade waste heat recycling (ORC-WHR) from thermal devices and processes. Rankine cooling systems are almost abandoned with preference to sorption cooling systems which require less moving parts and use more environmentally friendly substances. Solar ORC-RO is still at the research stage. Solar thermal power and solar pond power although proven, are not yet widely adopted. OTEC is intensely investigated as future major technology for isolated islands with favorable seawater thermodynamic characteristics. Biomass and binary geothermal CHP are already mature. ORC-WHR is the fastest growing business among ORC solutions, with great potential in industry and combined cycle power plants. Part three regards the fluid selection for a small solar ORC driven by low-temperature heat below 100 °C. This is a critical issue. Various kinds of substances such as refrigerants, hydrocarbons, alcohols and solvents can be adapted, but the choice of a suitable substance depends on the operating parameters of the cycle and the application. General characteristics of a good fluid are: high molecular mass appropriate critical parameters vapor saturation curve with positive or large slope high vapor/liquid density high performance (efficiency, power) high thermal stability moderate evaporator pressure condensing pressure above atmospheric good compatibility with materials low environmental impact and high safety level good availability and low cost Using the above mentioned criteria, a general methodology was established to detect the most suitable fluids. It encompasses three steps: data collection, data analysis and decision. For a simple Rankine Cycle driven by hot water and cooled by ambient air, a total of 20 fluids with critical temperature above 90 °C were screened and R134a, R152a, R600, R600a and R290 emerged as good fluids. In the fourth part, exergy analysis as the most developed tool for thermodynamic systems evaluation was used to theoretically determine the most suitable configuration for a solar Rankine engine operating at temperature below 90 °C. The state-of-art of the concept was recalled and newly proposed approach applied. This approach called ―exergy topology” combines the traditional exergy analysis and mathematical graph theory. It provides more performance indicators: the degree of thermodynamic perfection and the coefficient of Page | 10PDF Image | Low-Grade Heat Conversion into Power Using Small Scale Organic Rankine Cycles
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