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influence. The simple Rankine Cycle proved to be more adequate and potentially cost effective in comparison with modified Rankine cycles with internal heat exchangers or with integrated feedliquid heaters. The exergy loss distribution of a small solar ORC operating at a temperature below 90 °C shows that 91% of the exergy destroyed in the system is lost in the solar collector array. The overall exergy efficiency obtained is 3.1% and raised the issue of the solar collector selection and the opportunity to design a solar system operating at such low temperature. The new approach proved from the results it could serve not only as an evaluation tool but also as decision support tool. Proof of concept of utilization of scroll compressor as expansion machine in a small organic Rankine cycle is demonstrated in the fifth part. The test bench is made up of several heat exchangers, two diaphragm pumps, a liquid receiver and an open-drive oil-free scroll expander. The system is driven by hot air whose maximum temperature does not exceed 200 °C and cooled by water. Sensors and other instruments are mounted at various parts of the bench to record the thermodynamic data. Components and cycle performance were evaluated and compared for several fluids: R123, R245fa and HFE7000. The maximum power output delivered is about 2 kW, the cycle efficiency is less than 8% and the global efficiency does not exceed 5%. The oil free open-drive expander yields a maximum efficiency of about 70%. The last section deals with the economic study of small scale ORCs in heat recovery application. The optimized cycle system used for the analysis is based on the experimental investigations and cycle models derived. The heat source considered is hot air at about 180 °C with a mass flow rate of 0.21 kg/s and the system is cooled by water at 10 °C. The system is assumed to produce 2 kW power with 8% cycle energy efficiency. Using appropriate mathematic formula the system was scaled-up to 50 kW. The study concludes that the Organic Rankine Cycle is a promising technology for small-scale waste heat recovery applications. For illustration, the levelized electricity cost (LEC) is about 13.27 c€/kWh for very small systems and decreases down to 7 c€/kWh for a 50 kW system. This value could be significantly lower, below 5 c€/kWh for medium and large size systems. By modeling of components costs the mismatch between the optimal technical point and system minimum specific cost was highlighted. This mismatch leads to the conclusion that economic optimization instead of thermodynamic optimization should be recommended when seeking for profitable environmental solutions. Page | 11PDF Image | Low-Grade Heat Conversion into Power Using Small Scale Organic Rankine Cycles
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