Low-Grade Heat Conversion into Power Using Small Scale Organic Rankine Cycles

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Low-Grade Heat Conversion into Power Using Small Scale Organic Rankine Cycles ( low-grade-heat-conversion-into-power-using-small-scale-organ )

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4 - FLUID SELECTION FOR A LOW-TEMPERATURE SOLAR ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLE...............................................................................................83 4.1 INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................83 4.2 WORKING FLUIDS FOR RANKINE CYCLES ............................................................................... 83 4.3 CRITERIA AND METHODOLOGY FOR FLUID SELECTION ............................................................ 85 4.3.1 Overview of selection criteria .......................................................................................... 85 4.3.2 Methodology..................................................................................................................91 4.4 CASE STUDY: A LOW-TEMPERATURE SOLAR ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLE ..................................... 92 4.4.1 System description and modeling.....................................................................................92 4.4.2 Results and discussion ....................................................................................................96 4.5 CONCLUSIONS ..................................................................................................................... 107 5 - EXERGY ANALYSIS OF MICRO-ORGANIC RANKINE POWER CYCLES ............................................................................................................................. 109 5.1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................109 5.2 EXERGY ANALYSIS...............................................................................................................109 5.3 SYSTEMS ANALYSIS...............................................................................................................111 5.3.1 Rankine engines ...........................................................................................................111 5.3.2 Modelling ....................................................................................................................114 5.3.3 Operating conditions....................................................................................................118 5.4RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.....................................................................................................118 5.4.1 Rankine engines with R134a as working fluid .................................................................123 5.4.2 Rankine engines and working fluids ...............................................................................126 5.4.3 Heat source temperature and pinch point temperature difference ....................................128 5.4.4 Case study of a micro-solar organic Rankine cycle...........................................................130 5.5 CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................................135 6 - EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF A SMALL ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLE IN HEAT RECOVERY APPLICATION ............................................ 137 6.1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................137 6.2 POTENTIAL FLUIDS .............................................................................................................. 137 6.3 DESCRIPTION OF THE TEST BENCH .......................................................................................139 6.3.1 The bench diagram.......................................................................................................139 6.3.2 Components ................................................................................................................139 6.3.3 The instruments ...........................................................................................................144 6.4. DESCRIPTION OF THE TESTS ................................................................................................145 6.5. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ........................................................................... 145 6.5.1 Energy conservation.....................................................................................................145 6.5.2 Exergy analysis.............................................................................................................155 6.6. FLUIDS PERFORMANCE COMPARISON ...................................................................................162 6.7. CONCLUSION......................................................................................................................163 7 - ECONOMIC EVALUATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF SMALL SCALE ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLES IN HEAT RECOVERY APPLICATION ... 165 7.1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................165 7.2 ORC IN HEAT RECOVERY APPLICATION ................................................................................165 7.3 FLUID CANDIDATES .............................................................................................................166 7.4 MODELING OF A SMALL ORC...............................................................................................167 7.4.1 The scroll expander model ............................................................................................ 167 7.4.2 The heat exchanger model ............................................................................................168 7.4.3 The pump model..........................................................................................................168 7.4.4 The global model..........................................................................................................169 Page | 18

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