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Figure 4.8 - The distribution of irreversibility in different components for several fluids: R134a, R407C, RC318 and Ethanol.........................................................................99 Figure 4.9 - System total irreversibility rate versus turbine inlet pressure for working fluids with (a) low normal boiling points and (b) high normal boiling points at Tc=35 °C. .............................................................................................................................. 100 Figure 4.10 - System total irreversibility rate versus turbine inlet pressure for working fluids with (a) low normal boiling points and (b) high normal boiling points at Tc=35 °C and a heat source temperature of 90 oC. ........................................................ 101 Figure 4.11 - Mass flow rate versus turbine inlet temperature for various working fluids at Tc=35°C. ................................................................................................................ 102 Figure 4.12 - Heat input rate versus turbine inlet temperature for various working fluids at Tc=35°C. ................................................................................................................ 102 Figure 4.13 - Components irreversibility versus ambient temperature (R134a as working fluid) ....................................................................................................................... 103 Figure 4.14 - Second law efficiency and total irreversibility versus ambient temperature (R134a as working fluid).............................................................................. 103 Figure 4.15 - Heat exchange process between the hot water and R134a, methanol and R407C in the upper heat exchangers......................................................................... 105 Figure 5.1 - Configuration 1 (Simple organic Rankine cycle): (a) flow sheet diagram and (b) T-s diagram ............................................................................................................. 111 Figure 5.2 - Configuration 2 (Regenerative organic Rankine cycle with regenerative heat exchanger): (a) flow sheet diagram and (b) T-s diagram........................................ 112 Figure 5.3 - Configuration 3 (Regenerative organic Rankine cycle with open feedliquid heater): (a) flow sheet diagram and (b) T-s diagram..................................... 113 Figure 5.4 - Configuration 4 (Regenerative organic Rankine cycle with closed feedliquid heater): (a) flow sheet diagram and (b) T-s diagram..................................... 114 Figure 5.5 - Exergy flow graphs: (a) simple Rankine engine, (b) Rankine engine with regenerative heat exchanger, (c) Rankine engine with open feedliquid heater and (d) Rankine engine with closed feedliquid heater .................................................... 120 Figure 5.6 - Exergy loss distribution: (a) simple Rankine engine, (b) Rankine engine with regenerative heat exchanger, (c) Rankine engine with open feedliquid heater and (d) Rankine engine with closed feedliquid heater ........................................ 124 Figure 5.7 - Energy efficiency (a), Exergetic efficiency (b) and Degree of thermodynamic perfection (c)............................................................................................ 127 Figure 5.8 - Variation of the performance parameters with the temperature of the heat source ............................................................................................................................ 128 Figure 5.9 - Influence of the pinch point temperature difference on the exergetic efficiency ............................................................................................................................... 129 Page | 25PDF Image | Low-Grade Heat Conversion into Power Using Small Scale Organic Rankine Cycles
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