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1.1 Background 1 - General Introduction Modern societies depend critically on energy and continued economic growth requires further increases in energy consumption and energy demand. According to official reports on future global primary energy production and use, the high energy growth rates of the 20th century will continue unabated until 2050 and even beyond. Presently, the global primary energy use is roughly 500 EJ and shall double by 2050 (Moriarty and Honnery, 2009). The world economy heavily depends on fossil fuels (oil, coal and natural gas) which represent an 81.4% share of total primary energy use. Renewable energy and nuclear energy share the remainder, 12.7% and 5.9% respectively (IEA, 2009). Nevertheless, the fossil fuel-based economy raises a certain number of issues. The dramatic destruction of the environment attributed to the excessive use of fossil fuels has reached a critical level with unpleasant consequences (Sims, 2004). Moreover, the fossil fuel resources are finite. Their future depletion results in a considerable increase in the energy price with undesirable shocks on the global economy. The growing concern for the supply and safe transportation of fossil fuels as well as the increase in the energy demand reinforce the scaling-up of fossil fuel prices and fuel international tensions. Therefore, it is time to seek for alternate energy sources and to consider ways of saving the fast depleting fossil resources. Verbruggen (2008) analyzed potential contenders for the future electricity supply from economic and sustainability viewpoints and proposed the twin efficiency/renewable power. The organic Rankine cycles (ORCs) as energy converter fall well in both sides of the twin. Their suitability in medium-scale power plants from hundreds kW to MW power output has already been demonstrated in solar, geothermal, waste heat recovery and biomass power plants (Quoilin and Lemort, 2009; Schuster et al., 2009). The technology for medium and large scale is already mature. However, only a limited number of solutions are available for small size systems in the kW power range. The development of small organic Rankine power systems for several decades has been very slow due to the lack of adapted and efficient components. Today, HVAC components and specifically the compressors can be converted into expanders with good efficiency (Lemort, 2008; Smith and Stosic, 2001a). Several prototypes are under investigation throughout the world for solar/biomass combined heat and power (Orosz et al., 2009; Aoun, 2008), desalination (Manolakos et al., 2005 & 2007) and waste heat recovery applications (Quoilin, 2007; Declaye, 2009). 1.2 Structure and scope of the thesis The Thesis is comprised of several dimensions: One broad, with the aim of providing a general picture of vapor and gas power cycles while insisting on organic Rankine cycle technologies. The second aim is the investigation of micro-organic Rankine cycles. The topic of investigation is not arbitrary; it is linked to the ongoing work carried out at the Agricultural University of Athens, Greece and at the University of Liège, Belgium in view Page | 33PDF Image | Low-Grade Heat Conversion into Power Using Small Scale Organic Rankine Cycles
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