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of developing low-temperature energy recovery systems. Solar driven reverse osmosis (RO) desalination is a potential solution for water scarcity in remote and sunny areas such as Greek islands where potable water is a major concern. A prototype of small scale solar ORC-RO system was built and tested to show its feasibility and is still under investigation. Small organic Rankine cycle machines appear progressively as the most suitable solution to recover the vast amount of heat lost during thermal processes in industries as well as in mobile and stationary power plants. A prototype of such machine driven by hot air (assimilated to exhaust gas) is also under investigation at the University of Liège. Thus, the present thesis is a step forward and a supplemental contribution in the development of small power generation technologies based on low-grade heat recovery. A broad overview of thermodynamic power cycles is presented in Chapter 2. Two groups are targeted, the vapor and gas power cycles. Special attention is paid for different Rankine cycle designs operating with pure single fluids or binary mixtures of water/ammonia. A technological and economical survey of organic Rankine cycle solutions is presented in Chapter 3. ORC is a promising technology for power generation from low and medium temperature heat sources. The market is steadily increasing and new segments are opening as the technology is progressively adopted for distributed power generation. In Chapter 4, theoretical performances as well as thermodynamic and environmental properties of few fluids have been comparatively assessed for use in low-temperature solar organic Rankine cycle systems. Efficiencies, volume flow rate, mass flow rate, pressure ratio, toxicity, flammability, ODP and GWP were used for comparison. In Chapter 5, exergy analysis of micro-organic Rankine heat engines is performed to identify the most suitable configuration for solar applications. Three modified engines derived from simple Rankine engine using regeneration (incorporation of regenerator or feedliquid heaters) are analyzed through a novel approach, called exergy-topological method based on the combination of exergy flow graphs, exergy loss graphs, and thermoeconomic graphs. Experimental tests were performed to study the performance of an organic Rankine cycle system over a wide range of working conditions in waste heat recovery application. The results of tests carried out with HFE7000 as working fluid are reported in Chapter 6. Chapter 7 deals with the economic assessment of small organic Rankine cycles in waste heat recovery application. A pre-design model of the ORC is proposed and simulations are run with different working fluids candidates. Then, the economic evaluation is carried out for a system operating with the best suited fluid. Finally, economic optimization of is done considering the specific installation cost as objective function. Chapter 8 closes the Thesis with summary of main findings and presents future perspectives in the field of small organic Rankine cycle machines. Page | 34PDF Image | Low-Grade Heat Conversion into Power Using Small Scale Organic Rankine Cycles
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