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In the current literature on Thermodynamics, heat engines are modeled using engineering models termed ―cycles‖. These models or cycles depend on the working medium and processes involved. Here are few of them: Vapor power cycles: e.g. Rankine, Kalina, Uehara, Maloney and Robertson. Gas power cycles: e.g. Ericsson, Stirling, Otto, Diesel, Joule/Brayton, Lenoir, Atkinson, Miller, etc. In the upcoming paragraphs few of these cycles will be described with emphasis on the Clausius-Rankine cycle. 2.3 Ideal Carnot cycle The Carnot cycle is the most efficient power cycle and provides the limit for the thermal efficiency of any heat engine operating between a heat source at temperature TH and a sink at temperature TL. This cycle was devised in 1824 by Sadi Carnot. It is based on the assumption that the heat reservoirs are large enough to accept or deliver heat without a change in their temperatures. Furthermore, all the processes are totally reversible. An exemplification of this cycle executed within a saturation dome of a pure working fluid can be appreciated in Figure 2.2. The processes involved are described as follows: Process 1-2: isentropic expansion in a turbine during which work is produced by the cycle working fluid Process 2-3: isothermal heat rejection in a condenser from the working fluid to a cooling medium Process 3-4: isentropic compression by a compressor during which work is performed on the cycle working fluid Process 4-1: isothermal heat addition to the working fluid from a heating medium in the boiler On Figure 2.2, the temperatures of the heating medium and of the cooling medium are identical to that of the working fluid during processes 4-1 and 2-3, respectively. While the working fluid changes from state 4 to 1, the heating medium changes from state 1 to 4, and while the working medium changes from state 2 to 3, the cooling medium moves from state 3 to 2. . The area 12341 in Figure 2.2 represents the net useful work ( Wnet ) that can be generated . by the cycle. The area 1ba41 represents the heat input to the cycle (Qout ). The area b23a . represents the heat rejected (Qout ). The efficiency of the Carnot cycle defined as the proportion of the heat transformed into mechanical work can be expressed as: .... ηC =Wnet =Qin -Qout =1-Qout th . . . Qin Qin Qin .. With Qin =TH (s1 -s4 ) and Qout =TL (s2 -s3 ) , the efficiency of the Carnot cycle becomes: (2.1) Page | 36PDF Image | Low-Grade Heat Conversion into Power Using Small Scale Organic Rankine Cycles
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