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ηC =1- TL (2.2) th T H TH and TL are the absolute temperatures of the heat and cold sources respectively. From equation 2.2, it is obvious that high temperature difference leads to high cycle efficiency. Thus, an increase in the heat source temperature or a decrease in the heat sink temperature will raise the efficiency of the cycle. However, if the increase in the heat source temperature could be technically achieved, a decrease in the heat sink temperature is naturally limited by the ambient temperature. . 4 Qin ab Figure 2.2 – Schematic of a Carnot cycle Practically, the Carnot cycle is impossible for many reasons (DiPippo, 2007; Çengel and Boles, 2002). Finite temperature difference is always necessary to drive the heat transfer during heat addition and heat rejection from one system to another. In order to realize an isothermal heat transfer, the maximum temperature of the cycle should be kept far below the critical temperature of the working fluid and this lowers the efficiency of the cycle. Moreover, irreversibilities are always generated during work generation and two-phase processes are not easy to manage neither during expansion nor during the compression. Thus, real cycles will have lower efficiencies in comparison with the ideal Carnot cycle. 2.4 Real power cycles 2.4.1 Rankine cycle 2.4.1.1 Cycle description The Carnot cycle is the basic idealized thermodynamic cycle for thermal energy conversion. Unfortunately, it is impractical and uneconomical to implement. Although less thermodynamically efficient than the Carnot cycle, the Rankine cycle is practical and adaptable. Typically, water is used as the working fluid. A difficulty that arises with the use 1 TH . W net 3 . Qout 2 TL Entropy Page | 37 TemperaturePDF Image | Low-Grade Heat Conversion into Power Using Small Scale Organic Rankine Cycles
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